new UI system

claude-rewrite-plan.md

@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+# UI System for Crafter.Graphics2
+
+## Context
+
+The old UI system (still visible in [/home/jorijn/repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics/](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics/)) was stripped out of Crafter.Graphics2 because it was painful to use. Real-world usages — [/home/jorijn/repos/3DForts/implementations/Forts3D-MainMenu.cpp](../../repos/3DForts/implementations/Forts3D-MainMenu.cpp) (250-line constructor) and [/home/jorijn/repos/3DForts/implementations/Forts3D-OptionsMenu.cpp](../../repos/3DForts/implementations/Forts3D-OptionsMenu.cpp) (510 lines, manual descriptor surgery on every page change) — show the symptoms: 7-param `Anchor2D` repeated everywhere, manual `parent.children.push_back`, manual per-frame `UpdatePosition`, 8-`EventListener`-fields-per-widget callback boilerplate, no widget abstraction at all (users compose `RenderingElement2D` + `MouseElement` + `EventListener` by hand), no batching, no glyph atlas, character-by-character glyph render every frame.
+
+The new system must be:
+- User-friendly and future-proof (declarative composition, automatic layout, no manual lifetime juggling).
+- At least as performant as the old one (single batched draw, glyph atlas, dirty-tracked layout).
+- Cleanly integrated into the existing 3D ray-traced pipeline. **Any change that touches the 3D path needs explicit OK from the user.**
+- CPU-runnable as a nice-to-have — but explicitly *not* via a custom CPU rasterizer if it can't beat llvmpipe.
+
+## Design summary
+
+**Three-layer architecture:**
+
+1. **Widget layer (user-facing):** declarative builder API. Widgets are value types with chained `.method()` configuration; composite containers (`VStack`, `HStack`, `Stack`, `Overlay`, `Grid`, `TabView`, `ScrollView`) take children as `&&` parameter packs and own them inside a `UIScene` arena. The only handle user code keeps is `WidgetRef<T>` (a stable typed reference into the scene).
+2. **Layout / event layer:** two-pass measure/arrange (WPF/Avalonia/Flutter convention). Hit-testing is automatic from the laid-out tree; events route via capture → tunnel → bubble. Focus is tree-cycled with Tab.
+3. **Rendering layer:** widgets emit `UIItem` records into a single per-frame SSBO; one compute-shader dispatch composites everything onto the swapchain image. SDF glyph atlas means one texture serves all sizes/scales.
+
+**Key decisions (locked):**
+
+- **Compute shader, not graphics pipeline.** The swapchain has only `VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT` ([Crafter.Graphics-Window.cpp:958](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cpp#L958)). A compute pass writes the same way the existing RT pipeline does, in the same `VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL`. No swapchain change, no renderpass machinery, no extra barriers.
+- **SDF glyph atlas, not per-size raster.** One R8 atlas (1024² growable to 4096²) built lazily from `stb_truetype`. Survives DPI / fractional-scale changes without re-bake. Aliases cleanly at any scale via shader smoothstep.
+- **No tile-binning in V1.** A naive front-to-back per-pixel item scan over a ≤500-item draw list comfortably hits sub-millisecond on integrated GPUs. The data layout supports adding tile-binning later without changing the public API.
+- **No custom CPU rasterizer.** Same Vulkan code path runs on llvmpipe via the loader. Documented as the CPU fallback.
+- **One descriptor heap, bound once per frame, never re-bound.** Per the [`VK_EXT_descriptor_heap` proposal](https://docs.vulkan.org/features/latest/features/proposals/VK_EXT_descriptor_heap.html), heap rebinds are expensive and applications should "stick to the same heap throughout the lifetime of the application". UIScene allocates its slots from the same `Window::descriptorHeap` the user already creates for 3D — never its own. Detail in §"Descriptor management".
+- **Window owns a list of `RenderPass*`, not a single pipeline pointer.** Replaces the current `Window::pipeline` / `Window::descriptorHeap` direct-bind model. Future-proofs for post-processing, debug overlays, RTT, multi-pass effects. Detail in §"Window integration".
+- **Layout is dirty-tracked.** `Observable<T>::set()` marks owning widgets dirty; layout re-walks only the dirty subtree.
+- **Text supports per-glyph styling** via `TextRun`. Each glyph is already a separate draw-list item, so per-run styling adds zero shader complexity — just per-item properties.
+
+## Window integration — `RenderPass` refactor
+
+The current `Window::Render` ([Crafter.Graphics-Window.cpp:730-844](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cpp#L730-L844)) hardcodes a single ray-tracing pipeline: it binds `Window::pipeline` ([Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm:193](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm#L193)) and calls `vkCmdTraceRaysKHR` directly. That assumption breaks the moment we want UI on top, post-processing, debug overlays, or any multi-pass effect.
+
+**Refactor**: replace the single-pipeline pointer with a vector of render passes.
+
+```cpp
+// new module: Crafter.Graphics-RenderPass.cppm
+struct RenderPass {
+    virtual void Record(VkCommandBuffer cmd, std::uint32_t frameIdx) = 0;
+    virtual ~RenderPass() = default;
+};
+
+// in Window (replaces `pipeline` and `descriptorHeap` pointer fields)
+std::vector<RenderPass*> passes;
+DescriptorHeapVulkan* descriptorHeap;   // still here, but now SHARED across all passes
+std::optional<Vector<float, 4>> clearColor;   // optional initial clear; default nullopt
+```
+
+`Window::Render` becomes:
+
+1. `vkAcquireNextImageKHR`.
+2. Begin command buffer.
+3. Barrier `UNDEFINED → GENERAL` (existing, unchanged).
+4. Bind shared descriptor heap (resource + sampler) **once**.
+5. If `clearColor.has_value()`: `vkCmdClearColorImage`.
+6. For each `pass : passes`: `pass->Record(cmd, currentBuffer);` — Window inserts a storage→storage memory barrier between consecutive passes that both write to the swapchain image. (V1: insert always; cheap enough. V2: pass-declared write/read sets.)
+7. Barrier `GENERAL → PRESENT_SRC_KHR` (existing, unchanged).
+8. End / submit / present (existing, unchanged).
+
+**3D usage** (replaces the inline `vkCmdTraceRaysKHR` in `Window::Render`):
+
+```cpp
+// new helper struct shipped with the library: Crafter.Graphics-RTPass.cppm
+struct RTPass : RenderPass {
+    PipelineRTVulkan* pipeline;
+    void Record(VkCommandBuffer cmd, std::uint32_t frame) override {
+        vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_KHR, pipeline->pipeline);
+        Device::vkCmdTraceRaysKHR(cmd, &pipeline->raygenRegion, &pipeline->missRegion,
+                                  &pipeline->hitRegion, &pipeline->callableRegion,
+                                  width, height, 1);
+    }
+};
+
+// user code (replaces existing pattern in VulkanTriangle/main.cpp:195-196)
+RTPass rt{&pipeline};
+window.passes.push_back(&rt);
+```
+
+**UI usage**: `UIScene` *is* a `RenderPass` (publicly inherits or composes). Its constructor `push_back`s itself onto `window.passes`. The compute dispatch happens inside `UIScene::Record`.
+
+**UI-only scenes** (main menu with no 3D): the user simply doesn't add an `RTPass`. UI is the only pass. Optionally set `window.clearColor = {0,0,0,1}` for a known background. No stock pipeline, no `nullptr` checks needed.
+
+This **is** an API break: `VulkanTriangle/main.cpp` line 195-196 changes from `window.pipeline = &pipeline; window.descriptorHeap = &descriptorHeap;` to `window.descriptorHeap = &descriptorHeap; RTPass rt{&pipeline}; window.passes.push_back(&rt);`. The user OK'd this in feedback ("I don't mind breaking the existing API as long as it's discussed and done for a good reason"). The reason: future-proof multi-pass support, decouples Window from RT specifically.
+
+## Public API — concrete shape
+
+### Static main menu (replaces ~250 lines of [Forts3D-MainMenu.cpp:24-273](../../repos/3DForts/implementations/Forts3D-MainMenu.cpp#L24-L273))
+
+```cpp
+import Crafter.Graphics;
+using namespace Crafter::UI;
+
+UIScene scene(window);
+
+scene.Root(
+    Stack{}.background(Image{assetFolder/"Background.tex"}).children(
+        Image{logoTex}.anchor(Anchor::TopCenter).size(Length::Pct(80), Length::Auto()),
+
+        VStack{}.anchor(Anchor::BottomLeft).padding(8, 16).spacing(6).children(
+            Button{"Sandbox"}.style(themes.menu).onClick([&]{ SwitchScene(Active::Game); }),
+            Button{"Options"}.style(themes.menu).onClick([&]{ SwitchScene(Active::Options); }),
+            Button{"Exit"}   .style(themes.exit).onClick([&]{ std::_Exit(0); })
+        ),
+
+        Text{std::format("V1.0.0-{}", BUILD_TARGET)}
+            .anchor(Anchor::BottomRight).padding(8).size(15).color(textColor)
+    )
+);
+```
+
+### Dynamic options screen with tabs and bound input fields
+
+```cpp
+struct OptionsScene {
+    UIScene scene;
+    Options temp = options;
+
+    OptionsScene(Window& w) : scene(w) {
+        scene.Root(VStack{}.children(
+            HStack{}.height(Length::Pct(7.5)).background(panelBg).padding(8).children(
+                Button{"Exit"}.onClick([&]{ SwitchScene(Active::Main); }),
+                Spacer{}, Text{"OPTIONS"}.size(30), Spacer{},
+                Button{"Save"}.onClick([&]{ options = temp; SwitchScene(Active::Main); })
+            ),
+            TabView{}
+                .tab("Graphics", VStack{}.spacing(4).children(
+                    OptionRow{"Resolution"}.right(InputField<Resolution>{}.bind(temp.resX, temp.resY)),
+                    OptionRow{"Max lights"}.right(InputField<uint16_t>{}.bind(temp.maxLights))
+                ))
+                .tab("Input", BuildInputPage())
+                .tab("Audio", BuildAudioPage())
+        ));
+    }
+};
+```
+
+`InputField<T>{}.bind(member)` does both display (via `std::format`) and parse (via `std::from_chars`); no manual `TryParse`. `TabView` swaps content automatically on tab click — no manual erase/push_back/`UpdateElements`/`CreateBuffer`/`ReorderBuffer` (compare to [Forts3D-OptionsMenu.cpp:307-509](../../repos/3DForts/implementations/Forts3D-OptionsMenu.cpp#L307-L509)).
+
+### Frame-updated HUD overlay
+
+```cpp
+Observable<float> fps;
+Observable<int>   health{100};
+
+scene.Root(Overlay{}.children(
+    Text{}.bindFmt("{:.1f} fps", fps).anchor(Anchor::TopRight).padding(8),
+    ProgressBar{}.bindValue(health, 0, 100).anchor(Anchor::BottomCenter).size(Length::Px(300), Length::Px(20))
+));
+
+window.onUpdate += [&](FrameTime t){ fps = 1.0 / t.delta.count(); health = currentHealth; };
+```
+
+`Observable<T>` mutation marks only its widget dirty; layout re-walks only that subtree; only the affected items in the SSBO are rewritten.
+
+### Per-glyph text styling
+
+Most call sites want a single style — that's the simple shorthand:
+
+```cpp
+Text{"Welcome"}.size(24).color(textColor);
+```
+
+For mixed styling — common in HUDs ("Damage: 250" with the number colored), tooltips, dialog text, or future code-editor-like surfaces — pass an explicit list of `TextRun`:
+
+```cpp
+Text{}.runs(
+    TextRun{"Health: "}.color(white),
+    TextRun{std::format("{}", hp)}.color(hp < 25 ? red : green).bold(),
+    TextRun{" / "}.color(grey),
+    TextRun{"100"}.color(white)
+).size(20);   // base size; runs can override
+```
+
+Each run can independently set `color`, `size`, `weight`, `italic`, `underline`, `strikethrough`, and (V2) `font`. Internally each glyph already produces its own `UIItem`, so per-run styling is just per-item properties — zero shader complexity. Layout splits the runs at line-wrap points naturally.
+
+Bound text uses the same machinery:
+
+```cpp
+Text{}.bind(observableRuns);   // Observable<std::vector<TextRun>>
+Text{}.bindFmt("{:.1f} fps", fpsObservable);   // single-style shorthand for the common case
+```
+
+### User-defined composites
+
+```cpp
+struct OptionRow {
+    std::string label;
+    Widget rightChild;
+    OptionRow(std::string l) : label(std::move(l)) {}
+    OptionRow& right(Widget w) && { rightChild = std::move(w); return *this; }
+    operator Widget() && {
+        return HStack{}.padding(4, 8).children(
+            Text{label}.size(18).expand(), std::move(rightChild)
+        );
+    }
+};
+```
+
+No inheritance, no event-listener fields, no `parent.children.push_back`. A composite is just a function returning a `Widget`.
+
+## Layout system
+
+- **Two-pass measure/arrange.** `Measure(availableSize) → desiredSize`; `Arrange(finalRect)`. Cached per-node in `LayoutResult { Rect rectPx; Rect clipPx; }`.
+- **Units:** `Length::Px(float)` (logical px), `Length::Pct(float)` (% of parent on same axis), `Length::Auto()` (use measured desired), `Length::Frac(float)` (weighted fill — Flutter `Expanded`).
+- **DPI / fractional-scale:** `UIScene` reads `Window::scale` ([Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm:136](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm#L136)) once per layout pass. `Px` values multiply by scale exactly once at logical→device conversion. `Pct` is scale-invariant by construction.
+- **Containers V1:** `Stack`, `HStack`, `VStack`, `Overlay`, `Grid`. No CSS-style auto-everything.
+
+## Event / interaction model
+
+`UIScene` subscribes to existing `Window` events ([Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm:75-95](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm#L75-L95)) — no new Window input API needed.
+
+- **Hit-testing:** top-down walk, gather containers whose `clipPx` contains cursor, pick topmost interactive leaf.
+- **Routing:** capture (drag/modal) → tunnel (`onPreviewKeyDown`) → bubble (`onKeyDown`). Handler returns `Handled` to stop.
+- **Focus:** `UIScene::focused` is a `WidgetRef<>`. Click grabs focus. Tab/Shift-Tab cycles focusables in tree order. `onTextInput` / `onKeyDown` start bubbling from `focused`.
+- **Drag/scroll:** `Capture()` / `Release()` on the event arg. `ScrollView` captures wheel and drag-with-button-down.
+
+## Rendering pipeline
+
+### Per-frame draw list
+
+Single mapped SSBO `VulkanBuffer<UIItem, true> itemBuf[Window::numFrames]` — matches the existing 3-frame ring pattern ([Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm:180](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm#L180)).
+
+```glsl
+struct UIItem {
+    uint  type;         // 0=rect, 1=roundRect, 2=glyph, 3=image, 4=line, 5=clipPush, 6=clipPop
+    uint  flags;
+    vec2  posPx;        // top-left, device px
+    vec2  sizePx;
+    vec4  color;        // primary
+    vec4  colorB;       // gradient stop / shadow
+    vec4  uvRect;       // glyph atlas uv or image source rect
+    uint  imageIdx;     // bindless image slot (0 = none / use atlas)
+    uint  cornerRadiusPx;
+    vec2  reserved;
+};                      // 96 bytes
+```
+
+Tree walk emits items front-to-back. Clip stack is encoded inline as `clipPush`/`clipPop` items (Skia/Slate trick — keeps shader simple).
+
+### Compute shader (skeleton)
+
+`shaders/ui.comp.glsl` → `ui.spv`, loaded via existing [Crafter.Graphics-ShaderVulkan.cppm:39](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-ShaderVulkan.cppm#L39).
+
+```glsl
+layout(local_size_x = 16, local_size_y = 16) in;
+layout(binding = 0, rgba8) uniform image2D outImage;            // swapchain
+layout(binding = 1) buffer ItemBuffer { UIItem items[]; };
+layout(binding = 2) uniform sampler2D fontAtlas;                 // SDF
+layout(binding = 3) uniform sampler2D bindlessImages[];
+
+void main() {
+    ivec2 p = ivec2(gl_GlobalInvocationID.xy);
+    vec4 dst = imageLoad(outImage, p);   // composite OVER existing 3D content
+    ClipStack stack;
+    for (uint i = 0; i < pc.itemCount; ++i) {
+        UIItem it = items[i];
+        if (it.type == TYPE_CLIP_PUSH) { stack.push(it); continue; }
+        if (it.type == TYPE_CLIP_POP)  { stack.pop();   continue; }
+        if (!stack.contains(p)) continue;
+        vec4 src = ShadeItem(it, vec2(p));
+        dst = vec4(src.rgb + dst.rgb*(1-src.a), src.a + dst.a*(1-src.a));
+    }
+    imageStore(outImage, p, dst);
+}
+```
+
+Dispatch: `vkCmdDispatch(cmd, ceil(width/16), ceil(height/16), 1)` once per frame. Tile-binning V2 replaces the inner loop with a per-tile range without API change.
+
+### Glyph atlas
+
+- One `ImageVulkan<R8>` 1024² (growable). Created once at `UIScene` init.
+- Shelf-allocator inserts glyphs lazily; `Font` already exposes `stbtt_fontinfo` ([Crafter.Graphics-Font.cppm:35](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Font.cppm#L35)).
+- SDF rasterized via `stbtt_GetGlyphSDF`. One atlas serves all sizes via shader-side smoothstep on screen-space derivative.
+- Updates batched: layout collects missing glyphs per frame, single `ImageVulkan::Update` ([Crafter.Graphics-ImageVulkan.cppm:97](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-ImageVulkan.cppm#L97)) before dispatch.
+
+### Descriptor management — single shared heap
+
+**Hard rule**: the descriptor heap is bound exactly once per frame by `Window::Render`, and never re-bound. All passes (RT, UI, future post-processing) read from the same heap; they index into different *slot ranges* via push constants or specialization constants.
+
+This requires extending `DescriptorHeapVulkan` ([Crafter.Graphics-DescriptorHeapVulkan.cppm](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-DescriptorHeapVulkan.cppm)) with a slot-allocator API on top of its existing fixed-size pre-allocation:
+
+```cpp
+struct DescriptorHeapVulkan {
+    // existing: resourceHeap[Window::numFrames], samplerHeap[Window::numFrames], etc.
+
+    // new — bump allocators with optional free-lists in V2
+    struct ImageSlotRange  { std::uint16_t firstElement; std::uint16_t count; };
+    struct BufferSlotRange { std::uint16_t firstElement; std::uint16_t count; };
+    struct SamplerSlotRange{ std::uint16_t firstElement; std::uint16_t count; };
+
+    ImageSlotRange   AllocateImageSlots(std::uint16_t count);
+    BufferSlotRange  AllocateBufferSlots(std::uint16_t count);
+    SamplerSlotRange AllocateSamplerSlots(std::uint16_t count);
+
+    // existing helpers GetBufferOffset / GetBufferOffsetElement still useful
+    // for translating a slot-range to a host-write address.
+};
+```
+
+**3D usage (migration)**: today, [VulkanTriangle/main.cpp:162-187](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/examples/VulkanTriangle/main.cpp#L162-L187) hand-computes addresses with `descriptorHeap.bufferStartElement` and `descriptorHeap.bufferStartOffset`. Migrated:
+
+```cpp
+auto rtImageSlots = descriptorHeap.AllocateImageSlots(3);    // 3 swapchain views
+auto rtTlasSlots  = descriptorHeap.AllocateBufferSlots(3);   // 3 TLAS addrs
+// vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT writes into those specific offsets
+// raygen.glsl reads them via specialization constants for the slot indices
+```
+
+**UI usage**: `UIScene::Initialize(window)` calls:
+
+```cpp
+auto atlasSlot     = window.descriptorHeap->AllocateImageSlots(1);
+auto bindlessSlots = window.descriptorHeap->AllocateImageSlots(64);   // Image{} widgets
+auto itemBufSlots  = window.descriptorHeap->AllocateBufferSlots(Window::numFrames);
+auto samplerSlots  = window.descriptorHeap->AllocateSamplerSlots(2);  // linear + nearest
+```
+
+UI's compute shader uses these slot indices passed in via push constants. **No second heap, no rebind**.
+
+**Sizing the heap**: the user must size `DescriptorHeapVulkan::Initialize(images, buffers, samplers)` to fit *all* subsystems combined. The library can ship a `Window::EnsureDescriptorHeap(images, buffers, samplers)` helper that lazily creates a default-sized heap (e.g. 128 images, 32 buffers, 16 samplers) if the user hasn't explicitly created one — UI calls this first thing.
+
+**For UI-only scenes** (no 3D): user can skip creating a heap entirely; `UIScene` calls `EnsureDescriptorHeap` and gets a sensible default.
+
+### Dispatch site (inside `UIScene::Record(cmd, frame)`)
+
+1. `vkCmdBindPipeline(VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, uiPipeline)`.
+2. (No heap binding — already bound by `Window::Render`.)
+3. Push constants: item count, surface size, scale, slot-range starts (atlas, bindless base, item buf, samplers).
+4. `vkCmdDispatch(cmd, ceil(width/16), ceil(height/16), 1)`.
+
+The `Window`-inserted storage→storage memory barrier between passes ensures the previous pass's writes are visible.
+
+## New files (matching existing convention)
+
+Add to [interfaces/](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/):
+
+| File | Role |
+|---|---|
+| `Crafter.Graphics-RenderPass.cppm` | `RenderPass` base. Used by both UI and 3D. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-RTPass.cppm` | `RTPass` helper that records a `vkCmdTraceRaysKHR` call from a `PipelineRTVulkan*`. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI.cppm` | `:UI` partition; re-exports the sub-partitions. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Length.cppm` | `Length`, `Anchor`, `Edges`, `Color`. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Widget.cppm` | `Widget` (handle), `WidgetRef<T>`, `Observable<T>`. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Widgets.cppm` | Stock widgets (see scope below) including `Text` + `TextRun`. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Layout.cppm` | Measure/arrange engine. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Hit.cppm` | Hit-testing + capture/tunnel/bubble router. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Theme.cppm` | `Theme` struct + `themes::default_dark`. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Atlas.cppm` | SDF glyph atlas atop `Font`. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI-DrawList.cppm` | `UIItem` + tree→buffer emitter. |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Renderer.cppm` | Compute pipeline, per-frame item buffers, dispatch (implements `RenderPass`). |
+| `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Scene.cppm` | `UIScene` — the only thing user code constructs; owns its `RenderPass` instance. |
+
+Add to [implementations/](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/implementations/):
+`Crafter.Graphics-UI-Layout.cpp`, `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Hit.cpp`, `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Atlas.cpp`, `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Renderer.cpp`, `Crafter.Graphics-UI-Scene.cpp`. (`RenderPass` and `RTPass` headers are header-only.)
+
+Add `shaders/ui.comp.glsl` — compiled to `ui.spv`, loaded via existing [Crafter.Graphics-ShaderVulkan.cppm:39](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-ShaderVulkan.cppm#L39) `ifstream` pattern.
+
+### Updates to existing files
+
+- [project.cpp](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/project.cpp): bump `ifaces` array from 17 → 30 (RenderPass + RTPass + 11 UI), `impls` from 5 → 10.
+- [interfaces/Crafter.Graphics.cppm](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics.cppm): add `export import :RenderPass;`, `export import :RTPass;`, `export import :UI;`.
+- [interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm): replace `PipelineRTVulkan* pipeline;` field (line 193) with `std::vector<RenderPass*> passes;` and `std::optional<Vector<float, 4>> clearColor;`. Keep `DescriptorHeapVulkan* descriptorHeap;` (now shared across all passes). Add forward decl of `RenderPass`.
+- [implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cpp](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cpp) `Window::Render` lines 730-844: replace the inline RT-bind-and-trace block (780-804) with: bind heap once (782-802 stays, lifted out of the per-pass code path), optional `vkCmdClearColorImage` if `clearColor`, then `for (auto* p : passes) { p->Record(cmd, currentBuffer); insertStorageBarrier(); }`.
+- [interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-DescriptorHeapVulkan.cppm](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-DescriptorHeapVulkan.cppm): add slot-allocator API (`AllocateImageSlots`, `AllocateBufferSlots`, `AllocateSamplerSlots`) plus internal bump-allocator state. Existing static helpers stay.
+- [examples/VulkanTriangle/main.cpp](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/examples/VulkanTriangle/main.cpp): migrate to slot-allocator + `RTPass` + `window.passes.push_back`. Lines 162-196 are the affected region; replacement is shorter.
+
+## Migration story (for projects like 3DForts and `VulkanTriangle`)
+
+| Old | New |
+|---|---|
+| Compose `RenderingElement2D` + `MouseElement` + `EventListener` per widget | Stock widgets from `:UI-Widgets`. |
+| 7-param `Anchor2D` everywhere | Builder methods (`anchor`, `padding`, `size`); often unneeded inside layout containers. |
+| Manual `parent.children.push_back` | `.children(...)` |
+| Per-frame `UpdateElements` / `CreateBuffer` / `ReorderBuffer` / `UpdatePosition` | Implicit; `UIScene` does it. |
+| Manual `DescriptorHeapVulkan::Initialize` + `WriteDescriptors` per scene with hand-computed offsets | One shared `DescriptorHeapVulkan` for the application; subsystems call `AllocateImageSlots`/`AllocateBufferSlots`/`AllocateSamplerSlots`. |
+| Custom `RaygenMenu.spv` shader per UI scene | Drop; UI uses one library compute shader. |
+| `window.pipeline = &p; window.descriptorHeap = &h;` | `window.descriptorHeap = &h; window.passes.push_back(&pass);` for each pass (RT, UI, etc.). UI-only scenes don't push an RT pass — they just rely on `window.clearColor` for background. |
+
+The `VulkanTriangle` example migration is the smallest concrete example: lines 162-196 of [main.cpp](../../repos/Crafter/Crafter.Graphics2/examples/VulkanTriangle/main.cpp#L162-L196) shrink because slot offsets come from the allocator instead of being hand-computed; `window.pipeline = ...` becomes `RTPass rt{&pipeline}; window.passes.push_back(&rt);`.
+
+Migration is mostly *deletion*. A typical 350-line constructor becomes ~30 lines of declarative tree.
+
+## Verification plan
+
+1. **Build:** `cd Crafter.Graphics2 && crafter-build --vulkan` produces the static lib including all new modules.
+2. **GPU smoke:** `examples/UI/main.cpp` (a new example) — a window showing nested stacks, a button that toggles its label, a focused text input, and a progress bar bound to an `Observable<float>` driven from `onUpdate`. All on real GPU.
+3. **CPU smoke:** same example with `VK_ICD_FILENAMES=…/lvp_icd.x86_64.json` to force llvmpipe. Confirm visual parity, framerate ≥30 fps for a static menu.
+4. **Performance regression check:** port `Forts3D-MainMenu.cpp` and `Forts3D-OptionsMenu.cpp` to the new API; A/B compare frame time on the same hardware. Target: equal or better than old.
+5. **3D pipeline non-regression:** after Phase 1, `examples/VulkanTriangle/main.cpp` (now using `RTPass` + `window.passes`) renders identically to its pre-refactor behavior — same triangle, same colors, same framerate. This is the gate before any UI code is written.
+6. **Mixed scene:** a third example combines `VulkanTriangle`'s ray-traced triangle with an HUD overlay (two-pass: `RTPass` + `UIScene`); confirms the `RenderPass`/inter-pass-barrier integration works end-to-end and UI composites correctly over RT output.
+
+## Implementation order
+
+Roughly 18-20 working days (~4 weeks) for one engineer. **Phase 1 is the foundational refactor that touches the 3D path; it must land cleanly before any UI code is written, with `VulkanTriangle` working at every step.**
+
+**Phase 1 — refactor** (must keep `VulkanTriangle` running after each step):
+1. Add `RenderPass` base + `RTPass` helper. ½ day.
+2. Extend `DescriptorHeapVulkan` with slot-allocator API (bump allocators). ½ day.
+3. Refactor `Window::Render`: replace single-pipeline bind/trace with `passes` loop, lift heap-bind out, add optional `clearColor` clear, insert inter-pass barriers. 1 day.
+4. Migrate `VulkanTriangle/main.cpp` to the new API. ½ day. **Gate to Phase 2 — must run identically to today.**
+
+**Phase 2 — UI core**:
+5. `UI-Length`, `UI-Widget` (values + handle + observable). 1 day.
+6. `UI-Layout` measure/arrange engine. 1.5 days.
+7. Stock widgets in priority order: stacks → Text (with `TextRun`) → Button → Image → InputField → ScrollView → TabView → ProgressBar. 3.5 days.
+8. `UI-Theme`. ½ day.
+9. `UI-Hit` (hit-test + capture/tunnel/bubble router). 1 day.
+
+**Phase 3 — UI rendering**:
+10. `UI-Atlas` SDF on top of `Font`. 1.5 days.
+11. `UI-DrawList`. ½ day.
+12. `shaders/ui.comp.glsl`. 1 day, iterating with renderer.
+13. `UI-Renderer` (`RenderPass`-implementing compute dispatcher). 2 days.
+14. `UI-Scene` — wires everything to `Window` and registers itself in `window.passes`. ½ day.
+
+**Phase 4 — validation & migration**:
+15. `examples/UI/main.cpp` showing static menu, dynamic input, HUD overlay over RT. 1 day.
+16. Migrate `Forts3D-MainMenu` + `Forts3D-OptionsMenu` as the integration test. 1 day each.
+
+## Decisions locked from user feedback
+
+- **Window integration:** `Window::passes` refactor (not the `onAfterTrace` event) — chosen for future-proofing despite breaking `VulkanTriangle`. Migration is part of Phase 1.
+- **Descriptor heap:** single shared heap, slot-allocator API on `DescriptorHeapVulkan`. **Never re-bound mid-frame.** This was the hard dealbreaker; the original "UI owns its own heap" plan is dropped.
+- **Widget set V1:** `Stack`, `HStack`, `VStack`, `Overlay`, `Grid`, `Text` (with `TextRun`), `Button`, `Image`, `InputField` (string / integral / float / bound enum), `ScrollView`, `TabView`, `ProgressBar`, `Spacer`. Slider/Checkbox/Dropdown deferred to V2 unless requested.
+- **Theming:** flat `Theme` struct with named slots, per-instance override via `.style(...)`. No cascading.
+- **Animation:** the existing `Animation<T>` is not woven into the UI API; users may drive `Observable<T>` from any source (including `Animation<T>` if they want). No `Animated<T>` adapter, no `.fadeIn(2s)` shortcuts in V1.
+- **Text V1:** single-font, LTR only, soft-wrap on space, kerning from stb. **Per-glyph styling is in V1** via `TextRun` (cheap to add, addresses the "text was a mess" feedback). ICU-grade BiDi/complex-shaping is V2+.
+- **SPIR-V delivery:** `ifstream` the `.spv` (matches existing `VulkanShader` pattern).
+- **Multi-window:** one `UIScene` per `Window`. Users wanting cross-window mirroring do it manually.
+- **RTT / world-space UI:** V2.
+- **Hot-reload:** V2 (nice to have, not blocking).
+
+- **Heap auto-creation:** `UIScene` calls `Window::EnsureDescriptorHeap(128 images, 32 buffers, 16 samplers)` if the user hasn't already attached one. Users wanting tighter control can pre-create their own heap before constructing `UIScene`.

examples/HelloAnimation/README.md

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# HelloWindow Example
-
-## Description
-
-This example demonstrates how to draw pixels to a window.
-
-## Expected Result
-
-A window with a green and blue colored square, when clicking on the square it logs the coordinates relative to the square.
-
-##  Highlighted Code Snippet
-
-```cpp
-UiElement& element = window.elements.emplace_back(
-    0.5,
-    0.5, 
-    2,
-    1,
-    0.5f,
-    0.5f,
-    0.5,
-    0.5,
-    0,
-    false 
-);
-```
-
-## How to Run
-
-```bash
-crafter-build build executable -r
-```

examples/HelloAnimation/main.cpp

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-import Crafter.Event;
-import Crafter.Graphics;
-import std;
-using namespace Crafter;
-
-int main() {
-    WindowWayland window(1280, 720, "Hello Input!");
-
-    RenderingElementScaling element(
-        OpaqueType::FullyOpaque, //opaque, wether the element is opague or semi-transparant
-        2,  //bufferWidth: the width of this elements pixel buffer
-        1,  //bufferHeight: the height of this elements pixel buffer
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //anchorX: relative position where this elements x anchor (top-left) is placed to its parent x anchor 
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //anchorY: relative position where this elements y anchor (top-left) is placed to its parent y anchor 
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //relativeSizeX: the relative x size this element should be scaled to compared to its parent
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //relativeSizeY: the relative y size this element should be scaled to compared to its parent
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //anchorOffsetX: the amount this element's anchor should be offset from the top left corner (0.5 to in the middle)
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //anchorOffsetY: the amount this element's anchor should be offset from the top left corner (0.5 to place it in the middle)
-        0  //z: this elements Z position
-    );
-
-    window.elements.push_back(&element);
-    element.buffer = {{255, 0, 0 ,255}, {0, 255, 0 ,255}};
-    element.UpdatePosition(window);
-
-    Animation<std::tuple<std::int_fast32_t>> anim({
-        {std::chrono::seconds(5), FractionalToMapped(-0.5), FractionalToMapped(1.5)},
-    });
-
-	anim.Start(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now());
-    
-    EventListener<FrameTime> updateListener(&window.onUpdate, [&](FrameTime time){
-        std::tuple<std::int_fast32_t> value = anim.Play(time.now);
-        element.anchorX = std::get<0>(value);
-        element.UpdatePosition(window);
-        if(anim.currentFrame == anim.keyframes.size()) {
-            anim.Start(time.now);
-        }
-        window.LogTiming();
-    });
-    
-	window.StartUpdate();
-    window.StartSync();
-}

examples/HelloAnimation/project.json

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "crafter-graphics",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "executable",
-            "implementations": ["main"],
-            "dependencies": [
-                {
-                    "path":"../../project.json",
-                    "configuration":"lib-wayland-timing"
-                }
-            ]
-        }
-    ]
-}

examples/HelloDrawing/README.md

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# HelloWindow Example
-
-## Description
-
-This example demonstrates how to draw pixels to a window.
-
-## Expected Result
-
-A window with a red colored square.
-
-##  Highlighted Code Snippet
-
-```cpp
-for(std::uint_fast32_t x = 0; x < 1280; x++) {
-	for(std::uint_fast32_t y = 0; y < 720; y++) {
-		window.framebuffer[x*720+y].r = 255;
-		window.framebuffer[x*720+y].g = 0;
-		window.framebuffer[x*720+y].b = 0;
-		window.framebuffer[x*720+y].a = 255;
-	}
-}
-```
-
-## How to Run
-
-```bash
-crafter-build build executable -r
-```

examples/HelloDrawing/main.cpp

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-import Crafter.Graphics;
-import std;
-using namespace Crafter;
-
-constexpr std::uint32_t width = 1280;
-constexpr std::uint32_t height = 720;
-
-int main() {
-    Device::Initialize();
-	Window window(width, height, "Hello Drawing!");
-
-    for(std::uint32_t x = 0; x < width; x++) {
-		for(std::uint32_t y = 0; y < height; y++) {
-			window.renderer.buffer[x*height+y].r = 255;
-			window.renderer.buffer[x*height+y].g = 0;
-			window.renderer.buffer[x*height+y].b = 0;
-			window.renderer.buffer[x*height+y].a = 255;
-		}
-	}
-    
-	window.Render();
-    window.StartSync();
-}

examples/HelloDrawing/project.json

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "crafter-graphics",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "executable",
-            "implementations": ["main"],
-            "dependencies": [
-                {
-                    "path":"../../project.json",
-                    "configuration":"lib-wayland-debug"
-                }
-            ],
-            "debug": true
-        }
-    ]
-}

examples/HelloGrid/README.md

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# HelloGrid Example
-
-This example demonstrates the usage of the GridElement class which arranges its children in configurable grid patterns.
-
-## Features Shown
-
-- Creating a GridElement with specified columns and rows
-- Setting spacing between grid cells
-- Adding multiple child elements to the grid
-- Automatic positioning of children in a grid layout
-- Different colored elements to visualize the grid structure
-
-## How It Works
-
-The GridElement automatically distributes its children across a grid defined by:
-- Number of columns and rows
-- Horizontal and vertical spacing between elements
-
-Each child element is positioned in row-major order, filling the grid from left to right and top to bottom.

examples/HelloGrid/main.cpp

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-import Crafter.Event;
-import Crafter.Graphics;
-import std;
-using namespace Crafter;
-
-int main() {
-    WindowWayland window(1280, 720, "Hello Grid!");
-
-    // Create a GridElement with 3 columns and 2 rows
-    GridElement grid(
-        3, // columns
-        2, // rows
-        FractionalToMapped(0.1), // spacingX
-        FractionalToMapped(0.1), // spacingY
-        FractionalToMapped(0), // anchorX
-        FractionalToMapped(0), // anchorY
-        FractionalToMapped(1), // relativeWidth
-        FractionalToMapped(1), // relativeHeight
-        FractionalToMapped(0), // anchorOffsetX
-        FractionalToMapped(0), // anchorOffsetY
-        0  // z
-    );
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
-        RenderingElementScaling* rendering = new RenderingElementScaling(
-            OpaqueType::FullyOpaque,
-            1,
-            1,
-            FractionalToMapped(0), // anchorX
-            FractionalToMapped(0), // anchorY
-            FractionalToMapped(1.0), // relativeSizeX (will be overridden by grid)
-            FractionalToMapped(1.0), // relativeSizeY (will be overridden by grid)
-            FractionalToMapped(0.0), // anchorOffsetX
-            FractionalToMapped(0.0), // anchorOffsetY
-            0  // z
-        );
-        
-        // // Set different colors for each element
-        switch (i % 6) {
-            case 0: rendering->buffer = {{255, 0, 0, 255}}; break;  // Red
-            case 1: rendering->buffer = {{0, 255, 0, 255}}; break;  // Green
-            case 2: rendering->buffer = {{0, 0, 255, 255}}; break;  // Blue
-            case 3: rendering->buffer = {{255, 255, 0, 255}}; break; // Yellow
-            case 4: rendering->buffer = {{255, 0, 255, 255}}; break; // Magenta
-            case 5: rendering->buffer = {{0, 255, 255, 255}}; break; // Cyan
-        }
-        
-        grid.children.push_back(rendering);
-    }
-
-    // Add the grid to the window
-    window.elements.push_back(&grid);
-
-    // Update positions to arrange children in grid
-    grid.UpdatePosition(window);
-
-    window.Render();
-    window.StartSync();
-}

examples/HelloGrid/project.json

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "crafter-graphics",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "executable",
-            "implementations": ["main"],
-            "dependencies": [
-                {
-                    "path":"../../project.json",
-                    "configuration":"lib-wayland"
-                }
-            ]
-        }
-    ]
-}

examples/HelloInput/README.md

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# HelloInput Example
-
-## Description
-
-This example demonstrates how to handle basic input events by:
-
-- Create a window using `WindowWaylandWayland`
-- Register event listeners using `EventListener<T>` for:
-  - Mouse click events
-  - Specific key events
-  - General keypress events
-- Print formatted feedback to the console when events are triggered
-
-## Expected Result
-
-When you interact with the window, you might see console output like:
-
-Clicked on X:450 Y:320!
-Pressed specifically the a key!
-Pressed the b key!
-
-Make sure that the window has focus.
-
-##  Highlighted Code Snippet
-
-```cpp
-EventListener<MousePoint> clickListener(&window.onMouseLeftClick, [&window](MousePoint point){
-    std::cout << std::format("Clicked on X:{} Y:{}!", MappedToPixel(point.x, window.width), MappedToPixel(point.y, window.height));
-});
-
-EventListener<void> keyAListener(&window.onKeyDown['a'], [](){
-    std::cout << std::format("Pressed specifically the a key!");
-});
-
-EventListener<char> anyKeyListener(&window.onAnyKeyDown, [](char key){
-    std::cout << std::format("Pressed the {} key!", key);
-});
-```
-
-## How to Run
-
-```bash
-crafter-build build executable -r
-```

examples/HelloInput/main.cpp

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-import Crafter.Graphics;
-import Crafter.Event;
-import std;
-using namespace Crafter;
-
-int main() {
-    WindowWayland window(1280, 720, "Hello Input!");
-    
-    // Listen for left mouse click events on the window
-    // The callback receives the MousePoint struct containing the click coordinates in float pixels from the top left corner
-    EventListener<MousePoint> clickListener(&window.onMouseLeftClick, [&window](MousePoint point){
-        // Print the coordinates where the user clicked, we recieve the point in mapped space so we must convert it to pixels first
-        std::cout << std::format("Clicked on X:{} Y:{}!", MappedToPixelBoundless(point.x, window.width), MappedToPixelBoundless(point.y, window.height)) << std::endl;
-    });
-
-    // Listen specifically for the 'a' key being pressed down
-    // The callback takes no parameters since the key is fixed
-    EventListener<void> keyAListener(&window.onKeyDown['a'], [](){
-        // Print confirmation of 'a' key press
-        std::cout << std::format("Pressed specifically the a key!") << std::endl;
-    });
-
-    // Listen for any key press on the window
-    // The callback receives the character of the key pressed
-    EventListener<char> anyKeyListener(&window.onAnyKeyDown, [](char key){
-        // Print which key was pressed
-        std::cout << std::format("Pressed the {} key!", key) << std::endl;
-    });
-
-    //Start the window event loop, unless the window is started events will not trigger.
-    window.StartSync();
-}

examples/HelloInput/project.json

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "crafter-graphics",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "executable",
-            "implementations": ["main"],
-            "dependencies": [
-                {
-                    "path":"../../project.json",
-                    "configuration":"lib-wayland"
-                }
-            ]
-        }
-    ]
-}

examples/HelloRotation/main.cpp

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-import Crafter.Event;
-import Crafter.Graphics;
-import std;
-using namespace Crafter;
-
-int main() {
-    WindowWayland window(200, 200, "Hello Input!");
-
-    RenderingElementScalingRotating2D element(
-        OpaqueType::SemiOpaque, //opaque, wether the element is opague or semi-transparant
-        1,  //bufferWidth: the width of this elements pixel buffer
-        1,  //bufferHeight: the height of this elements pixel buffer
-        FractionalToMappedBoundlessU(0.125),
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //anchorX: relative position where this elements x anchor (top-left) is placed to its parent x anchor 
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //anchorY: relative position where this elements y anchor (top-left) is placed to its parent y anchor 
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //relativeSizeX: the relative x size this element should be scaled to compared to its parent
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //relativeSizeY: the relative y size this element should be scaled to compared to its parent
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //anchorOffsetX: the amount this element's anchor should be offset from the top left corner (0.5 to in the middle)
-        FractionalToMapped(0.5), //anchorOffsetY: the amount this element's anchor should be offset from the top left corner (0.5 to place it in the middle)
-        0,  //z: this elements Z position
-    );
-
-    window.elements.push_back(&element);
-    element.buffer = {{255, 0, 0 ,255}};
-    element.UpdatePosition(window);
-    
-    EventListener<FrameTime> updateListener(&window.onUpdate, [&](FrameTime time){
-        element.rotation += 50000000000000000;
-        std::cout << element.rotation  << std::endl;
-        element.UpdatePosition(window);
-        window.LogTiming();
-    });
-    
-	window.StartUpdate();
-    window.StartSync();
-}

examples/HelloRotation/project.json

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "crafter-graphics",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "executable",
-            "implementations": ["main"],
-            "dependencies": [
-                {
-                    "path":"../../project.json",
-                    "configuration":"lib-wayland-timing"
-                }
-            ],
-            "debug": true
-        }
-    ]
-}

examples/HelloText/README.md

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# HelloWindow Example
-
-## Description
-
-This example demonstrates how to draw pixels to a window.
-
-## Expected Result
-
-A window with a green and blue colored square, when clicking on the square it logs the coordinates relative to the square.
-
-##  Highlighted Code Snippet
-
-```cpp
-UiElement& element = window.elements.emplace_back(
-    0.5,
-    0.5, 
-    2,
-    1,
-    0.5f,
-    0.5f,
-    0.5,
-    0.5,
-    0,
-    false 
-);
-```
-
-## How to Run
-
-```bash
-crafter-build build executable -r
-```

examples/HelloText/main.cpp

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-import Crafter.Event;
-import Crafter.Graphics;
-import std;
-using namespace Crafter;
-
-int main() {
-    WindowWayland window(1280, 720, "Hello Input!");
-
-    RenderingElement<false, false, false> element(
-        {
-            FractionalToMapped<std::int32_t>(0), //anchorX: relative position where this elements x anchor (top-left) is placed to its parent x anchor 
-            FractionalToMapped<std::int32_t>(0.5), //anchorY: relative position where this elements y anchor (top-left) is placed to its parent y anchor 
-            FractionalToMapped<std::int32_t>(0.1), //relativeSizeX: the relative x size this element should be scaled to compared to its parent
-            FractionalToMapped<std::int32_t>(1), //relativeSizeY: the relative y size this element should be scaled to compared to its parent
-            FractionalToMapped<std::int32_t>(0), //anchorOffsetX: the amount this element's anchor should be offset from the top left corner (0.5 to in the middle)
-            FractionalToMapped<std::int32_t>(0), //anchorOffsetY: the amount this element's anchor should be offset from the top left corner (0.5 to place it in the middle)
-            0  //z: this elements Z position
-        },
-        OpaqueType::FullyOpaque
-    );
-
-    Font font("inter.ttf");
-    std::string text = "testtttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt";
-    element.UpdatePosition(window);
-    std::vector<std::string_view> lines = element.ResizeText(window, text, 200, font, TextOverflowMode::Clip, TextScaleMode::Element); // anchor.width automatically scales with our text
-    element.RenderText(window, lines, 200, {0,0,0,255}, font);
-
-    window.elements.push_back(&element);
-
-	window.Render();
-    window.StartSync();
-}
-

examples/HelloText/project.json

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "crafter-graphics",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "executable",
-            "implementations": ["main"],
-            "dependencies": [
-                {
-                    "path":"../../project.json",
-                    "configuration":"lib-wayland-debug"
-                }
-            ],
-            "debug": true,
-            "additional_files": ["inter.ttf"]
-        }
-    ]
-}

examples/HelloUI/README.md

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# HelloWindow Example
-
-## Description
-
-This example demonstrates how to draw pixels to a window.
-
-## Expected Result
-
-A window with a green and blue colored square, when clicking on the square it logs the coordinates relative to the square.
-
-##  Highlighted Code Snippet
-
-```cpp
-UiElement& element = window.elements.emplace_back(
-    0.5,
-    0.5, 
-    2,
-    1,
-    0.5f,
-    0.5f,
-    0.5,
-    0.5,
-    0,
-    false 
-);
-```
-
-## How to Run
-
-```bash
-crafter-build build executable -r
-```

examples/HelloUI/main.cpp

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import Crafter.Event;
-import Crafter.Graphics;
-import std;
-using namespace Crafter;
-
-int main() {
-    Device::Initialize();
-	Window window(1280, 720, "Hello Drawing!");
-
-    RenderingElement2D<true, true, false> element(
-        {
-            0.5, //anchorX: relative position where this elements x anchor (top-left) is placed to its parent x anchor 
-            0.5, //anchorY: relative position where this elements y anchor (top-left) is placed to its parent y anchor 
-            0.5, //relativeSizeX: the relative x size this element should be scaled to compared to its parent
-            0.5, //relativeSizeY: the relative y size this element should be scaled to compared to its parent
-            0.5, //anchorOffsetX: the amount this element's anchor should be offset from the top left corner (0.5 to in the middle)
-            0.5, //anchorOffsetY: the amount this element's anchor should be offset from the top left corner (0.5 to place it in the middle)
-            0  //z: this elements Z position
-        },
-        OpaqueType::FullyOpaque,
-        2,
-        1
-    );
-
-    MouseElement mouse(window);
-    element.children.push_back(&mouse);
-    window.renderer.elements.push_back(&element);
-
-    element.scalingBuffer = {{255, 0, 0 ,255}, {0, 255, 0 ,255}};
-    element.UpdatePosition(window.renderer);
-
-	EventListener<void> clickListener(&mouse.onMouseLeftClick, [&window]() {
-        std::println("Clicked on X:{} Y:{}!", 
-            window.currentMousePos.x, window.currentMousePos.y
-        );
-    });
-
-	window.Render();
-    window.StartSync();
-}

examples/HelloUI/project.json

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "crafter-graphics",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "executable",
-            "implementations": ["main"],
-            "dependencies": [
-                {
-                    "path":"../../project.json",
-                    "configuration":"lib-wayland-debug"
-                }
-            ],
-            "debug": true
-        }
-    ]
-}

examples/README.md

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-# Crafter.Graphics Examples
-Welcome to the **Crafter.Graphics** examples folder!  
-Here you'll find a variety of demos to help you learn and experiment with the features of the `Crafter.Graphics` library.
-
-##  Getting Started
-To run any example, navigate into its folder and use the following command:
-```bash
-crafter-build build executable -r
-```
-
-## Hello Series
-This series explains the absolute basics.
-
-1.  **HelloWindow**  
-    Basic window creation using Crafter.Graphics.
-    
-2.  **HelloInput**  
-    Handling keyboard and mouse input events.
-    
-3.  **HelloDrawing**  
-    Introduction to drawing on a window.
-    
-4.  **HelloUI**  
-    Creating and rendering user interface components.
-
-## Vulkan Series
-This series explains the vulkan integration.
-
-1.  **VulkanWindow**  
-    HelloWindow vulkan edition.
-    
-2.  **VulkanTraingle**  
-    Introduction to drawing on a window.
-
-3.  **VulkanCube**  
-    Creating a custom shader.
-
-4.  **VulkanShader**  
-    Creating a custom shader.
-
-##  Notes
--   Each example is self-contained and meant to be run individually.
--   Make sure your environment is correctly set up with all dependencies required by `Crafter.Graphics`.
--   A comaptible WSL envoirement can be set up by running these commands:
-```cmd
-wsl --update
-wsl --install archlinux --name crafter --no-launch
-wsl -d crafter pacman -Syu vulkan-devel vulkan-swrast clang git base-devel libpqxx onetbb boost lld glslang --noconfirm
-wsl --terminate crafter
-```

examples/VulkanAnimation/closesthit.glsl

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : enable
-#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : enable
-
-layout(location = 0) rayPayloadInEXT vec3 hitValue;
-hitAttributeEXT vec2 attribs;
-
-void main()
-{
-  const vec3 barycentricCoords = vec3(1.0f - attribs.x - attribs.y, attribs.x, attribs.y);
-  hitValue = barycentricCoords;
-}

examples/VulkanAnimation/main.cpp

@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-
-import Crafter.Graphics;
-using namespace Crafter;
-import std;
-import Crafter.Event;
-import Crafter.Math;
-
-typedef VulkanShaderConst<"raygen.spv", "main", VK_SHADER_STAGE_RAYGEN_BIT_KHR> Raygenspv;
-typedef VulkanShaderConst<"closesthit.spv", "main", VK_SHADER_STAGE_CLOSEST_HIT_BIT_KHR> Closesthitspv;
-typedef VulkanShaderConst<"miss.spv", "main", VK_SHADER_STAGE_MISS_BIT_KHR> Misspv;
-typedef std::tuple<Raygenspv, Misspv, Closesthitspv> AllShaders;
-typedef std::tuple<
-    ShaderGroup<0, VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR, VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR, VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR>,
-    ShaderGroup<1, VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR, VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR, VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR>,
-    ShaderGroup<VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR, 2, VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR, VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR>
-> ShaderGroups;
-typedef PipelineRTVulkanConst<AllShaders, ShaderGroups> Pipeline;
-typedef DescriptorSetLayoutVulkanConst<1, {{
-    {
-        .binding = 0,
-        .descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_KHR,
-        .descriptorCount = 1,
-        .stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_RAYGEN_BIT_KHR,
-    },
-}}> descriptorSetLayoutTlas;
-typedef DescriptorSetLayoutVulkanConst<1, {{
-    {
-        .binding = 0,
-        .descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE,
-        .descriptorCount = 1,
-        .stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_RAYGEN_BIT_KHR,
-    }
-}}> descriptorSetLayoutImage;
-
-int main() {
-    Device::CreateDevice();
-    WindowVulkan window(1280, 720, "HelloVulkan");
-    VkCommandBuffer cmd = window.StartInit();
-
-    Raygenspv::CreateShader();
-    Closesthitspv::CreateShader();
-    Misspv::CreateShader();
-
-    ShaderBindingTableVulkanConst<AllShaders>::Init();
-
-    descriptorSetLayoutTlas::Init();
-    descriptorSetLayoutImage::Init();
-    std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayout, 4> layouts {{descriptorSetLayoutTlas::layout, descriptorSetLayoutImage::layout, descriptorSetLayoutImage::layout, descriptorSetLayoutImage::layout}};
-
-    DescriptorPool pool;
-    pool.sets.resize(4);
-    pool.BuildPool(DescriptorPool::GetPoolSizes<descriptorSetLayoutTlas, descriptorSetLayoutImage, descriptorSetLayoutImage, descriptorSetLayoutImage>(), layouts);
-
-    Pipeline::Init(cmd, layouts);
-    window.SetPipelineRT<Pipeline>();
-
-    Mesh triangleMesh;
-    std::array<Vector<float, 3, 3>, 3> verts {{{-150, -150, 100}, {0, 150, 100}, {150, -150, 100}}};
-    std::array<std::uint32_t, 3> index {{2,1,0}};
-    triangleMesh.Build(verts, index, cmd);
-
-    RenderingElement3D renderer = {
-        .instance = {
-            .instanceCustomIndex                    = 0,
-            .mask                                   = 0xFF,
-            .instanceShaderBindingTableRecordOffset = 0,
-            .flags                                  = VK_GEOMETRY_INSTANCE_FORCE_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR,
-            .accelerationStructureReference         = triangleMesh.blasAddr
-        }
-    };
-
-    RenderingElement3D::elements.emplace_back(&renderer);
-    MatrixRowMajor<float, 4, 3, 1> transform = MatrixRowMajor<float, 4, 3, 1>::Identity();
-    std::memcpy(renderer.instance.transform.matrix, transform.m, sizeof(transform.m));
-
-    RenderingElement3D::tlases.resize(Window::numFrames);
-    RenderingElement3D::BuildTLAS(cmd, 0);
-    RenderingElement3D::BuildTLAS(cmd, 1);
-    RenderingElement3D::BuildTLAS(cmd, 2);
-    
-    VkDescriptorImageInfo imageInfo[Window::numFrames] = {  
-        {
-            .imageView = window.imageViews[0],
-            .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL
-        },
-        {
-            .imageView = window.imageViews[1],
-            .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL
-        },
-        {
-            .imageView = window.imageViews[2],
-            .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL
-        },
-    };
-
-    VkWriteDescriptorSetAccelerationStructureKHR writeDescriptorSetAccelerationStructure {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_KHR,
-        .accelerationStructureCount = 1,
-        .pAccelerationStructures = &RenderingElement3D::tlases[0].accelerationStructure
-    };
-
-    VkWriteDescriptorSet write[4];
-
-    write[0] = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
-        .pNext = &writeDescriptorSetAccelerationStructure,
-        .dstSet = pool.sets[0],
-        .dstBinding = 0,
-        .dstArrayElement = 0,
-        .descriptorCount = 1,
-        .descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_KHR,
-    };
-
-    for(std::uint32_t i = 0; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-        write[i+1] = {
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
-            .dstSet = pool.sets[i+1],
-            .dstBinding = 0,
-            .dstArrayElement = 0,
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-            .descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE,
-            .pImageInfo = &imageInfo[i]
-        };
-    }
-    vkUpdateDescriptorSets(Device::device, 4, write, 0, nullptr);
-    window.descriptorsRt = {pool.sets[0], pool.sets[1]};
-
-    /*
-        FinishInit executes all commands recorded to StartInit.
-        This must be called before the the event loops starts if you called StartInit before.
-    */
-    window.FinishInit();
-
-    Animation<std::tuple<float>> anim({
-        {std::chrono::seconds(3), -600, 600},
-    });
-
-	anim.Start(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now());
-
-    EventListener<void> updateListener(&window.onRender, [&](){
-        float value = std::get<0>(anim.Play(window.currentFrameTime.now));
-
-        if(anim.currentFrame == anim.keyframes.size()) {
-            anim.Start(window.currentFrameTime.now);
-        }
-
-        MatrixRowMajor<float, 4, 3, 1> transform = MatrixRowMajor<float, 4, 3, 1>::Translation(value, 0, 0);
-        std::memcpy(renderer.instance.transform.matrix, transform.m, sizeof(transform.m));
-        RenderingElement3D::BuildTLAS(window.drawCmdBuffers[window.currentBuffer], window.currentBuffer);
-
-        VkWriteDescriptorSetAccelerationStructureKHR writeDescriptorSetAccelerationStructure {
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_KHR,
-            .accelerationStructureCount = 1,
-            .pAccelerationStructures = &RenderingElement3D::tlases[window.currentBuffer].accelerationStructure
-        };
-
-        VkWriteDescriptorSet write = {
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
-            .pNext = &writeDescriptorSetAccelerationStructure,
-            .dstSet = pool.sets[0],
-            .dstBinding = 0,
-            .dstArrayElement = 0,
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-            .descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_KHR,
-        };
-        vkUpdateDescriptorSets(Device::device, 1, &write, 0, nullptr);
-
-        window.descriptorsRt[1] = pool.sets[window.currentBuffer+1];
-    });
-    
-    window.Render();
-	window.StartUpdate();
-    window.StartSync();
-}

examples/VulkanAnimation/miss.glsl

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : enable
-
-layout(location = 0) rayPayloadInEXT vec3 hitValue;
-
-void main()
-{
-    hitValue = vec3(1, 1, 1);
-}

examples/VulkanAnimation/project.json

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "crafter-graphics",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "executable",
-            "implementations": ["main"],
-            "dependencies": [
-                {
-                    "path":"../../project.json",
-                    "configuration":"lib-vulkan-debug"
-                }
-            ],
-            "shaders": [
-                {
-                    "path":"raygen.glsl",
-                    "type": 6,
-                    "entrypoint":"main"
-                },
-                {
-                    "path":"closesthit.glsl",
-                    "type": 9,
-                    "entrypoint":"main"
-                },
-                {
-                    "path":"miss.glsl",
-                    "type": 10,
-                    "entrypoint":"main"
-                }
-            ]
-        }
-    ]
-}

examples/VulkanAnimation/raygen.glsl

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : enable
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_image_load_formatted : enable
-
-layout(binding = 0, set = 0) uniform accelerationStructureEXT topLevelAS;
-layout(binding = 0, set = 1, rgba8) uniform writeonly image2D image;
-
-layout(location = 0) rayPayloadEXT vec3 hitValue;
-
-void main()
-{
-    // Pixel coordinates
-    uvec2 pixel = gl_LaunchIDEXT.xy;
-    uvec2 resolution = gl_LaunchSizeEXT.xy;
-
-    // Normalized coordinates in range [-1, 1]
-    vec2 uv = (vec2(pixel) + 0.5) / vec2(resolution);
-    vec2 ndc = uv * 2.0 - 1.0;
-
-    // Camera parameters
-    vec3 origin = vec3(0.0, 0.0, -300.0);
-
-    float aspect = float(resolution.x) / float(resolution.y);
-    float fov = radians(60.0);
-    float tanHalfFov = tan(fov * 0.5);
-
-    // Simple pinhole camera facing +Z
-    vec3 direction = normalize(vec3(
-        ndc.x * aspect * tanHalfFov,
-        -ndc.y * tanHalfFov,
-        1.0
-    ));
-
-    traceRayEXT(
-        topLevelAS,
-        gl_RayFlagsNoneEXT,
-        0xff,
-        0, 0, 0,
-        origin,
-        0.001,
-        direction,
-        10000.0,
-        0
-    );
-
-    imageStore(image, ivec2(pixel), vec4(hitValue, 1.0));
-}

examples/VulkanTriangle/main.cpp

@@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ int main() {
 
     window.FinishInit();
 
+    auto imgSlots = descriptorHeap.AllocateImageSlots(1);
+    auto bufSlots = descriptorHeap.AllocateBufferSlots(1);
+
     VkDeviceAddressRangeKHR tlasRange0 = {
         .address = RenderingElement3D::tlases[0].address,
     };
@@ -161,27 +164,27 @@ int main() {
     
     VkHostAddressRangeEXT destinations[6] = {
         {
-            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[0].value + descriptorHeap.bufferStartOffset,
+            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[0].value + descriptorHeap.BufferByteOffset(bufSlots.firstElement),
             .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize
         },
         {
-            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[0].value,
+            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[0].value + descriptorHeap.ImageByteOffset(imgSlots.firstElement),
             .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize
         },
         {
-            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[1].value + descriptorHeap.bufferStartOffset,
+            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[1].value + descriptorHeap.BufferByteOffset(bufSlots.firstElement),
             .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize
         },
         {
-            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[1].value,
+            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[1].value + descriptorHeap.ImageByteOffset(imgSlots.firstElement),
             .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize
         },
         {
-            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[2].value + descriptorHeap.bufferStartOffset,
+            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[2].value + descriptorHeap.BufferByteOffset(bufSlots.firstElement),
             .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize
         },
         {
-            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[2].value,
+            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[2].value + descriptorHeap.ImageByteOffset(imgSlots.firstElement),
             .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize
         },
     };
@@ -192,8 +195,9 @@ int main() {
     descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[1].FlushDevice();
     descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[2].FlushDevice();
 
-    window.pipeline = &pipeline;
     window.descriptorHeap = &descriptorHeap;
+    RTPass rtPass(&pipeline);
+    window.passes.push_back(&rtPass);
 
     window.Render();
     window.StartSync();

examples/VulkanTriangle/project.cpp

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ using namespace Crafter;
 
 extern "C" Configuration CrafterBuildProject(std::span<const std::string_view> args) {
     std::vector<std::string> graphicsArgs(args.begin(), args.end());
-    graphicsArgs.push_back("--vulkan");
     Configuration* graphics = LocalProject({
         .projectFile = "../../project.cpp",
         .args = graphicsArgs,

examples/VulkanUI/main.cpp

@@ -1,133 +1,85 @@
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#include <cassert>
 
 import Crafter.Graphics;
-using namespace Crafter;
-import std;
 import Crafter.Event;
 import Crafter.Math;
+import std;
 
+using namespace Crafter;
 
 int main() {
     Device::Initialize();
-    Window window(1280, 720, "HelloVulkan");
+    Window window(1280, 720, "VulkanUI");
-    VkCommandBuffer cmd = window.StartInit();
+    window.StartInit();
-    DescriptorHeapVulkan descriptorHeap;
-    descriptorHeap.Initialize(1,2,0);
-
-    VkSpecializationMapEntry entry = {
-        .constantID = 0,
-        .offset = 0,
-        .size = sizeof(uint16_t)
-    };
-
-    VkSpecializationInfo specilizationInfo = {
-        .mapEntryCount = 1,
-        .pMapEntries = &entry,
-        .dataSize = sizeof(uint16_t),
-        .pData = &descriptorHeap.bufferStartElement
-    };
-
-    std::array<VulkanShader, 1> shaders{{
-        {"raygen.spv", "main", VK_SHADER_STAGE_RAYGEN_BIT_KHR, &specilizationInfo}
-    }};
-
-    ShaderBindingTableVulkan shaderTable;
-    shaderTable.Init(shaders);
-
-    std::array<VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR, 1> raygenGroups {{
-        {
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RAY_TRACING_SHADER_GROUP_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
-            .type = VK_RAY_TRACING_SHADER_GROUP_TYPE_GENERAL_KHR,
-            .generalShader = 0,
-            .closestHitShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR,
-            .anyHitShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR,
-            .intersectionShader = VK_SHADER_UNUSED_KHR,
-        },
-    }};
-    std::array<VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR, 0> missGroups;
-    std::array<VkRayTracingShaderGroupCreateInfoKHR, 0> hitGroups;
-
-
-    PipelineRTVulkan pipeline;
-    pipeline.Init(cmd, raygenGroups, missGroups, hitGroups, shaderTable);
-
     window.FinishInit();
 
-    RenderingElement2DVulkan<true, true> element(
+    Font font("Inter.ttf");
-        {
+
-            0.5, //anchorX: relative position where this elements x anchor (top-left) is placed to its parent x anchor 
+    UI::Theme theme = UI::themes::default_dark();
-            0.5, //anchorY: relative position where this elements y anchor (top-left) is placed to its parent y anchor 
+    theme.defaultFont = &font;
-            0.5, //relativeSizeX: the relative x size this element should be scaled to compared to its parent
+
-            0.5, //relativeSizeY: the relative y size this element should be scaled to compared to its parent
+    // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-            0.5, //anchorOffsetX: the amount this element's anchor should be offset from the top left corner (0.5 to in the middle)
+    // Wire the scene: it auto-creates a descriptor heap, plugs into the
-            0.5, //anchorOffsetY: the amount this element's anchor should be offset from the top left corner (0.5 to place it in the middle)
+    // window's pass list, hooks mouse + update events, and drives a
-            0  //z: this elements Z position
+    // compute-shader UI pass per frame.
-        },
+    // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-        2,
+    UI::UIScene scene;
-        1
+    scene.Initialize(window, "ui.comp.spv");
+    scene.background(UI::Color{0.06f, 0.07f, 0.10f, 1.0f});
+
+    scene.Root(
+        UI::VStack{}
+            .padding(20)
+            .spacing(12)
+            .children(
+                UI::Text{"Crafter UI — V1"}.font(font).size(28),
+
+                UI::Text{}.font(font).size(14).runs(
+                    UI::TextRun{"Click "},
+                    UI::TextRun{"Quit"}.color(UI::Color{1.0f, 0.55f, 0.55f}).bold(),
+                    UI::TextRun{" to close the window. Tabs switch on click.  "},
+                    UI::TextRun{"Have fun!"}.color(UI::Color{0.55f, 0.85f, 1.0f})
+                ),
+
+                UI::HStack{}
+                    .width(UI::Length::Frac(1))
+                    .spacing(8)
+                    .children(
+                        UI::Button{"Play"}   .font(font).style(theme.primary)  .onClick([]{ std::println(std::cerr, "[click] Play"); }),
+                        UI::Button{"Options"}.font(font).style(theme.secondary).onClick([]{ std::println(std::cerr, "[click] Options"); }),
+                        UI::Spacer{},
+                        UI::Button{"Quit"}   .font(font).style(theme.danger)   .onClick([]{ std::println(std::cerr, "[click] Quit"); std::_Exit(0); })
+                    ),
+
+                UI::ProgressBar{}
+                    .value(0.42f)
+                    .size(UI::Length::Frac(1), UI::Length::Px(20))
+                    .foreground(theme.primary.background),
+
+                UI::TabView{}
+                    .font(font)
+                    .width(UI::Length::Frac(1))
+                    .height(UI::Length::Px(220))
+                    .tab("Graphics", UI::VStack{}.padding(8).spacing(8).children(
+                        UI::Text{"Resolution"}.font(font).size(14),
+                        UI::InputField{"1920x1080"}.font(font).style(theme.input),
+                        UI::Text{"Max lights"}.font(font).size(14),
+                        UI::InputField{"32"}.font(font).style(theme.input)
+                    ))
+                    .tab("Input", UI::VStack{}.padding(8).spacing(8).children(
+                        UI::Text{"Mouse sensitivity"}.font(font).size(14),
+                        UI::InputField{"1.0"}.font(font).style(theme.input)
+                    ))
+                    .tab("Audio", UI::VStack{}.padding(8).spacing(8).children(
+                        UI::Text{"Master volume"}.font(font).size(14),
+                        UI::InputField{"80"}.font(font).style(theme.input)
+                    ))
+            )
     );
-    for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-        reinterpret_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, true>*>(element.buffers[i])->value[0] = {1, 0, 0, 1};
-        reinterpret_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, true>*>(element.buffers[i])->value[1] = {0, 1, 0, 1};
-        reinterpret_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, true>*>(element.buffers[i])->FlushDevice();
-    }
-    RendertargetVulkan rendertarget(1280, 720, {&element});
-
-    VkImageDescriptorInfoEXT imageInfo0 = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-        .pView = &window.imageViews[0],
-        .layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL
-    };
-
-    VkImageDescriptorInfoEXT imageInfo1 = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-        .pView = &window.imageViews[1],
-        .layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL
-    };
-
-    VkImageDescriptorInfoEXT imageInfo2 = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-        .pView = &window.imageViews[2],
-        .layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL
-    };
-
-    std::array<VkResourceDescriptorInfoEXT, 9> infos;
-    infos[0] = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-        .type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE,
-        .data = { .pImage = &imageInfo0 }
-    };
-    infos[1] = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-        .type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE,
-        .data = { .pImage = &imageInfo1 }
-    };
-    infos[2] = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-        .type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE,
-        .data = { .pImage = &imageInfo2 }
-    };
-    
-    std::array<VkHostAddressRangeEXT, 9> ranges;
-    ranges[0] = {
-        .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[0].value,
-        .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize
-    };
-    ranges[1] = {
-        .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[1].value,
-        .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize
-    },
-    ranges[2] = {
-        .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[2].value,
-        .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize
-    },
-
-    rendertarget.WriteDescriptors(infos, ranges, 3, descriptorHeap.bufferStartOffset, descriptorHeap);
-
-    window.pipeline = &pipeline;
-    window.descriptorHeap = &descriptorHeap;
 
     window.Render();
+    window.SaveFrame("frame.png");
+
+    window.StartUpdate();   // continuous rendering — UIScene re-emits per frame
     window.StartSync();
 }

examples/VulkanUI/project.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import std;
+import Crafter.Build;
+namespace fs = std::filesystem;
+using namespace Crafter;
+
+extern "C" Configuration CrafterBuildProject(std::span<const std::string_view> args) {
+    std::vector<std::string> graphicsArgs(args.begin(), args.end());
+    Configuration* graphics = LocalProject({
+        .projectFile = "../../project.cpp",
+        .args = graphicsArgs,
+    });
+
+    Configuration cfg;
+    cfg.path = "./";
+    cfg.name = "VulkanUI";
+    cfg.outputName = "VulkanUI";
+    ApplyStandardArgs(cfg, args);
+    cfg.dependencies = { graphics };
+
+    std::array<fs::path, 0> ifaces = {};
+    std::array<fs::path, 1> impls = { "main" };
+    cfg.GetInterfacesAndImplementations(ifaces, impls);
+
+    cfg.files.push_back("Inter.ttf");
+
+    return cfg;
+}

examples/VulkanUI/project.json

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "crafter-graphics",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "executable",
-            "implementations": ["main"],
-            "dependencies": [
-                {
-                    "path":"../../project.json",
-                    "configuration":"lib-wayland-vulkan-debug"
-                }
-            ],
-            "debug": true,
-            "shaders": [
-                {
-                    "path":"raygen.glsl",
-                    "type": 6,
-                    "entrypoint":"main"
-                }
-            ]
-        }
-    ]
-}

examples/VulkanUI/raygen.glsl

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_ray_tracing : enable
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_image_load_formatted : enable
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_explicit_arithmetic_types_int16 : enable
-#extension GL_EXT_descriptor_heap : enable
-#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : enable
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_explicit_arithmetic_types_float16 : enable
-
-
-struct UIScaledData{
-    int16_t x;
-    int16_t y;
-    int16_t sizeX;
-    int16_t sizeY;
-    uint16_t bufferX;
-    uint16_t bufferY;
-};
-
-layout(std430, descriptor_heap) buffer UIScaledDataBuffer {
-    uint16_t count;
-    uint16_t pad[5];
-    UIScaledData data[];
-} UITransformBuffer[];
-
-layout(std430, descriptor_heap) buffer UIPixelBufferr {
-    f16vec4 pixels[];
-} UIPixelBuffer[];
-
-layout(constant_id = 0) const uint16_t bufferStart = 0us;
-layout(descriptor_heap) uniform writeonly image2D image[];
-
-void main()
-{
-    uvec2 pixel = gl_LaunchIDEXT.xy;
-    uvec2 resolution = gl_LaunchSizeEXT.xy;
-
-    vec4 hitValue = vec4(0);
-
-    for (uint16_t i = 1us; i < UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].count+1; i++) {
-        if(pixel.x > UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].x && pixel.x < UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].x + UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].sizeX && pixel.y > UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].y && pixel.y < UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].y + UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].sizeY) {
-            int16_t srcX = int16_t(float(pixel.x - UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].x) * float(UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].bufferX) / float(UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].sizeX));
-            int16_t srcY = int16_t(float(pixel.y - UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].y) * float(UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].bufferY) / float(UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].sizeY));
-            hitValue = vec4(UIPixelBuffer[bufferStart + 1].pixels[srcY * UITransformBuffer[bufferStart].data[i].bufferX + srcX]);
-        }
-    }
-
-    imageStore(image[0], ivec2(pixel), hitValue);
-}

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Device.cpp

@@ -20,11 +20,9 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 
 module;
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
 #include "vulkan/vk_enum_string_helper.h"
 #define GET_EXTENSION_FUNCTION(_id) ((PFN_##_id)(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, #_id)))
-#endif
 
 #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
 #include <linux/input-event-codes.h>
@@ -45,12 +43,10 @@ module;
 module Crafter.Graphics:Device_impl;
 import :Device;
 import :Window;
-import :MouseElement;
 import :Types;
 import std;
 using namespace Crafter;
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 const char* const instanceExtensionNames[] = {
     "VK_EXT_debug_utils",
     "VK_KHR_surface",
@@ -175,7 +171,6 @@ VkBool32 onError(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity, VkDebugUtilsMe
 
     return 0;
 }
-#endif
 
 
 #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
@@ -364,50 +359,19 @@ void Device::pointer_handle_button(void* data, wl_pointer* pointer, std::uint32_
 		if(state == WL_POINTER_BUTTON_STATE_PRESSED) {
 			Device::focusedWindow->mouseLeftHeld = true;
 			Device::focusedWindow->onMouseLeftClick.Invoke();
-			for(MouseElement* element : Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements) {
-				if(element) {
-					if(Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x >= element->scaled.position.x && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x <= element->scaled.position.x+element->scaled.size.x && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y > element->scaled.position.y && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y < element->scaled.position.y+element->scaled.size.y) {
-						element->onMouseLeftClick.Invoke();
-					}
-				}
-			}
 		} else {
 			Device::focusedWindow->mouseLeftHeld = false;
 			Device::focusedWindow->onMouseLeftRelease.Invoke();	
-			for(MouseElement* element : Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements) {
-				if(element) {
-					if(Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x >= element->scaled.position.x && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x <= element->scaled.position.x+element->scaled.size.x && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y > element->scaled.position.y && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y < element->scaled.position.y+element->scaled.size.y) {
-						element->onMouseLeftRelease.Invoke();
-					}
-				}
-			}
 		}
 	} else if(button == BTN_RIGHT){
 		if(state == WL_POINTER_BUTTON_STATE_PRESSED) {
 			Device::focusedWindow->mouseRightHeld = true;
 			Device::focusedWindow->onMouseRightClick.Invoke();
-			for(MouseElement* element : Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements) {
-				if(element) {
-					if(Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x >= element->scaled.position.x && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x <= element->scaled.position.x+element->scaled.size.x && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y > element->scaled.position.y && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y < element->scaled.position.y+element->scaled.size.y) {
-						element->onMouseRightClick.Invoke();
-					}
-				}
-			}	
 		} else {
 			Device::focusedWindow->mouseRightHeld = false;
-			Device::focusedWindow->onMouseRightRelease.Invoke();
+			Device::focusedWindow->onMouseRightRelease.Invoke();	
-			for(MouseElement* element : Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements) {
-				if(element) {
-					if(Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x >= element->scaled.position.x && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x <= element->scaled.position.x+element->scaled.size.x && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y > element->scaled.position.y && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y < element->scaled.position.y+element->scaled.size.y) {
-						element->onMouseRightRelease.Invoke();
-					}
-				}
-			}		
 		}
 	}
-	Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements.erase(std::remove(Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements.begin(), Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements.end(), static_cast<MouseElement*>(nullptr)), Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements.end());
-    Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements.insert(Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements.end(), Device::focusedWindow->pendingMouseElements.begin(), Device::focusedWindow->pendingMouseElements.end());
-    Device::focusedWindow->pendingMouseElements.clear();
 }
 
 void Device::PointerListenerHandleMotion(void* data, wl_pointer* wl_pointer, std::uint32_t time, wl_fixed_t surface_x, wl_fixed_t surface_y) {
@@ -416,21 +380,6 @@ void Device::PointerListenerHandleMotion(void* data, wl_pointer* wl_pointer, std
 	Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos = pos * Device::focusedWindow->scale;
 	//Device::focusedWindow->mouseDelta = {Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x-Device::focusedWindow->lastMousePos.x, Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y-Device::focusedWindow->lastMousePos.y};
 	Device::focusedWindow->onMouseMove.Invoke();
-	for(MouseElement* element : Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements) {
-		if(element) {
-			if(Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x >= element->scaled.position.x && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.x <= element->scaled.position.x+element->scaled.size.x && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y > element->scaled.position.y && Device::focusedWindow->currentMousePos.y < element->scaled.position.y+element->scaled.size.y) {
-				element->onMouseMove.Invoke();
-				if(!element->mouseHover) {
-                    element->mouseHover = true;
-					element->onMouseEnter.Invoke();
-				}
-			} else if(element->mouseHover) {
-                element->mouseHover = false;
-				element->onMouseLeave.Invoke();
-			}
-		}
-	}	
-	Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements.erase(std::remove(Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements.begin(), Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements.end(), static_cast<MouseElement*>(nullptr)), Device::focusedWindow->mouseElements.end());
 }
 
 void Device::PointerListenerHandleEnter(void* data, wl_pointer* wl_pointer, std::uint32_t serial, wl_surface* surface, wl_fixed_t surface_x, wl_fixed_t surface_y) {
@@ -559,7 +508,6 @@ void Device::Initialize() {
 	}
     #endif
 
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
     VkApplicationInfo app{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO};
 	app.pApplicationName = "";
 	app.pEngineName      = "Crafter.Graphics";
@@ -727,8 +675,15 @@ void Device::Initialize() {
         .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_VULKAN_1_2_FEATURES,
         .pNext = &bit16,
         .shaderFloat16 = VK_TRUE,
+        // Bindless / runtime descriptor array indexing — needed for the
+        // descriptor_heap shader path.
+        .shaderUniformBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing = VK_TRUE,
+        .shaderSampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing  = VK_TRUE,
+        .shaderStorageBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing = VK_TRUE,
+        .shaderStorageImageArrayNonUniformIndexing  = VK_TRUE,
         .runtimeDescriptorArray = VK_TRUE,
-        .bufferDeviceAddress = VK_TRUE
+        .scalarBlockLayout      = VK_TRUE,
+        .bufferDeviceAddress    = VK_TRUE
     };
 
     VkPhysicalDeviceRayTracingPipelineFeaturesKHR physicalDeviceRayTracingPipelineFeatures{
@@ -747,8 +702,17 @@ void Device::Initialize() {
         .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2,
         .pNext = &deviceAccelerationStructureFeature,
         .features = {
-            .samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE,
+            // Order matches VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures declaration so the
-            .shaderInt16 = VK_TRUE
+            // designated-initializer-order warning stays quiet.
+            .samplerAnisotropy                       = VK_TRUE,
+            .shaderStorageImageReadWithoutFormat     = VK_TRUE,
+            .shaderStorageImageWriteWithoutFormat    = VK_TRUE,
+            // Bindless dynamic indexing — required to index `images[]`,
+            // `textures[]`, `samplers[]`, `itemHeap[]` with a runtime value.
+            .shaderSampledImageArrayDynamicIndexing  = VK_TRUE,
+            .shaderStorageBufferArrayDynamicIndexing = VK_TRUE,
+            .shaderStorageImageArrayDynamicIndexing  = VK_TRUE,
+            .shaderInt16                             = VK_TRUE
         }
     };
 
@@ -806,12 +770,12 @@ void Device::Initialize() {
     vkCmdBindResourceHeapEXT = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCmdBindResourceHeapEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCmdBindResourceHeapEXT"));
     vkCmdBindSamplerHeapEXT = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCmdBindSamplerHeapEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCmdBindSamplerHeapEXT"));
     vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT"));
+    vkWriteSamplerDescriptorsEXT = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkWriteSamplerDescriptorsEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkWriteSamplerDescriptorsEXT"));
+    vkCmdPushDataEXT = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCmdPushDataEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCmdPushDataEXT"));
     vkGetPhysicalDeviceDescriptorSizeEXT = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceDescriptorSizeEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceDescriptorSizeEXT"));
     vkGetDeviceFaultInfoEXT = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkGetDeviceFaultInfoEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkGetDeviceFaultInfoEXT"));
-    #endif
 }
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 std::uint32_t Device::GetMemoryType(uint32_t typeBits, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
 	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memoryProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++)
 	{
@@ -826,5 +790,4 @@ std::uint32_t Device::GetMemoryType(uint32_t typeBits, VkMemoryPropertyFlags pro
 	}
 
 	throw std::runtime_error("Could not find a matching memory type");
-}
+}
-#endif

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Font.cpp

@@ -61,10 +61,26 @@ Font::Font(const std::filesystem::path& fontFilePath) {
 std::uint32_t Font::GetLineWidth(const std::string_view text, float size) {
     float scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&font, size);
     std::uint32_t lineWidth = 0;
-    for (const char c : text) {
+    std::size_t i = 0;
+    while (i < text.size()) {
+        std::uint32_t cp = DecodeUtf8(text, i);
+        if (cp == 0) break;
         int advance, lsb;
-        stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font, c, &advance, &lsb);
+        stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font, static_cast<int>(cp), &advance, &lsb);
         lineWidth += (int)(advance * scale);
     }
     return lineWidth;
+}
+
+float Font::LineHeight(float size) {
+    float scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&font, size);
+    return (ascent - descent + lineGap) * scale;
+}
+
+float Font::AscentPx(float size) {
+    return ascent * stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&font, size);
+}
+
+float Font::ScaleForSize(float size) {
+    return stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&font, size);
 }

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Mesh.cpp

@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
 
 module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 module Crafter.Graphics:Mesh_impl;
 import Crafter.Math;
 import :Mesh;
@@ -30,8 +28,6 @@ import std;
 
 using namespace Crafter;
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
-
 void Mesh::Build(std::span<Vector<float, 3, 3>> verticies, std::span<std::uint32_t> indicies, VkCommandBuffer cmd) {
     vertexBuffer.Resize(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_INPUT_READ_ONLY_BIT_KHR, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, verticies.size());
     indexBuffer.Resize(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BUILD_INPUT_READ_ONLY_BIT_KHR | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, indicies.size());
@@ -129,5 +125,4 @@ void Mesh::Build(std::span<Vector<float, 3, 3>> verticies, std::span<std::uint32
         .accelerationStructure = accelerationStructure
     };
     blasAddr = Device::vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR(Device::device, &addrInfo);
-}
+}
-#endif

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-MouseElement.cpp

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-/*
-Crafter®.Graphics
-Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
-Catcrafts.net
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
-version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
-
-This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
-*/
-
-module Crafter.Graphics:MouseElement_impl;
-import :MouseElement;
-import :Window;
-import :Types;
-import :Font;
-import std;
-
-using namespace Crafter;
-
-MouseElement::MouseElement(Anchor2D anchor, Window& window) : Transform2D(anchor) {
-    window.mouseElements.push_back(this);
-}
-
-MouseElement::MouseElement(Anchor2D anchor) : Transform2D(anchor) {
-
-}
-
-MouseElement::MouseElement(Window& window) : Transform2D({0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0}) {
-    window.mouseElements.push_back(this);
-}
-
-MouseElement::MouseElement() : Transform2D({0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0}) {
-
-}

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-RenderingElement3D.cpp

@@ -18,14 +18,11 @@ License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
 module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
-#endif
 module Crafter.Graphics:RenderingElement3D_impl;
 import :RenderingElement3D;
 import std;
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 using namespace Crafter;
 
 
@@ -132,6 +129,4 @@ void RenderingElement3D::BuildTLAS(VkCommandBuffer cmd, std::uint32_t index) {
         .accelerationStructure = tlases[index].accelerationStructure
     };
     tlases[index].address = Device::vkGetAccelerationStructureDeviceAddressKHR(Device::device, &addrInfo);
-}
+}
-
-#endif

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Rendertarget.cpp

@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-/*
-Crafter®.Graphics
-Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
-catcrafts.net
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
-
-This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
-*/
-
-module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
-#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
-#endif
-module Crafter.Graphics:Rendertarget_impl;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
-import :Rendertarget;
-import :Window;
-import :DescriptorHeapVulkan;
-import :RenderingElement2DVulkan;
-import std;
-using namespace Crafter;
-
-
-RendertargetVulkan::RendertargetVulkan(std::uint16_t sizeX, std::uint16_t sizeY) : RendertargetBase(sizeX, sizeY) {
-
-}
-
-void RendertargetVulkan::UpdateElements() {
-    elements.clear();
-    std::sort(transform.children.begin(), transform.children.end(), [](Transform2D* a, Transform2D* b){ return a->anchor.z < b->anchor.z; });
-    for(Transform2D* child : transform.children) {
-        SetOrderResursive(child);
-    }
-}
-
-void RendertargetVulkan::CreateBuffer(std::uint8_t frame) {
-    transformBuffer[frame].Resize(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, elements.size()+1);
-    RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo* val =  reinterpret_cast<RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(transformBuffer[frame].value) + sizeof(RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo));
-    std::uint16_t* sizePtr =  reinterpret_cast<std::uint16_t*>(transformBuffer[frame].value);
-    *sizePtr = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(elements.size());
-    for(std::uint16_t i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++) {
-        val[i].bufferX = elements[i]->bufferX;
-        val[i].bufferY = elements[i]->bufferY;
-    }
-    transformBuffer[frame].FlushDevice();
-}
-
-void RendertargetVulkan::ReorderBuffer(std::uint8_t frame) {
-    RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo* val =  reinterpret_cast<RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(transformBuffer[frame].value) + sizeof(RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo));
-    for(std::uint16_t i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++) {
-        val[i].scaled = elements[i]->scaled;
-        val[i].bufferX = elements[i]->bufferX;
-        val[i].bufferY = elements[i]->bufferY;
-    }
-    transformBuffer[frame].FlushDevice();
-}
-
-void RendertargetVulkan::WriteDescriptors(std::span<VkResourceDescriptorInfoEXT> infos, std::span<VkHostAddressRangeEXT> ranges, std::uint16_t start, std::uint32_t bufferOffset, DescriptorHeapVulkan& descriptorHeap) {
-    VkDeviceAddressRangeKHR transformRanges[Window::numFrames] = {
-        {
-            .address = transformBuffer[0].address,
-            .size = transformBuffer[0].size
-        },
-        {
-            .address = transformBuffer[1].address,
-            .size = transformBuffer[1].size
-        },
-        {
-            .address = transformBuffer[2].address,
-            .size = transformBuffer[2].size
-        }
-    };
-
-    for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-        ranges[start + i] = {
-            .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[i].value + bufferOffset,
-            .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize
-        };
-        infos[start + i] = {
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-            .type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
-            .data = { .pAddressRange =  &transformRanges[i]}
-        };
-    }
-
-    start += 3;
-    bufferOffset += Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize;
-
-    std::vector<VkDeviceAddressRangeKHR> bufferRanges(elements.size() * Window::numFrames);
-
-    std::uint16_t rangeOffset = 0;
-
-    for(std::uint8_t i2 = 0; i2 < Window::numFrames; i2++) {
-        for(std::uint16_t i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++) {
-            ranges[start + i] = {
-                .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[i2].value + bufferOffset + Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize * i,
-                .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize
-            };
-            infos[start + i] = {
-                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-                .type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
-                .data = { .pAddressRange = &bufferRanges[i]}
-            };
-            bufferRanges[rangeOffset + i] =  {
-                .address = elements[i]->buffers[i2]->address,
-                .size = elements[i]->buffers[i2]->size
-            };
-        }
-        start += elements.size();
-        rangeOffset += elements.size();
-    }
-
-    Device::vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT(Device::device, start, infos.data(), ranges.data());
-
-    for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-        descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[i].FlushDevice();
-    }
-}
-
-void RendertargetVulkan::SetOrderResursive(Transform2D* elementTransform) {
-    RenderingElement2DVulkanBase* renderer = dynamic_cast<RenderingElement2DVulkanBase*>(elementTransform);
-    if(renderer) {
-        renderer->index = elements.size();
-        elements.push_back(renderer);
-    }
-    std::sort(elementTransform->children.begin(), elementTransform->children.end(), [](Transform2D* a, Transform2D* b){ return a->anchor.z < b->anchor.z; });
-    for(Transform2D* childTransform : elementTransform->children) {
-        SetOrderResursive(childTransform);
-    }
-}
-#endif

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Shm.cpp

@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-/*
-Crafter®.Graphics
-Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
-catcrafts.net
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
-
-This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
-*/
-
-module;
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <time.h>
-module Crafter.Graphics:Shm_impl;
-import :Shm;
-import std;
-
-using namespace Crafter;
-
-void Crafter::randname(char *buf) {
-	struct timespec ts;
-	clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts);
-	long r = ts.tv_nsec;
-	for (int i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
-		buf[i] = 'A'+(r&15)+(r&16)*2;
-		r >>= 5;
-	}
-}
-
-int Crafter::anonymous_shm_open(void) {
-	char name[] = "/hello-wayland-XXXXXX";
-	int retries = 100;
-
-	do {
-		randname(name + strlen(name) - 6);
-
-		--retries;
-		// shm_open guarantees that O_CLOEXEC is set
-		int fd = shm_open(name, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, 0600);
-		if (fd >= 0) {
-			shm_unlink(name);
-			return fd;
-		}
-	} while (retries > 0 && errno == EEXIST);
-
-	return -1;
-}
-
-int Crafter::create_shm_file(off_t size) {
-	int fd = anonymous_shm_open();
-	if (fd < 0) {
-		return fd;
-	}
-
-	if (ftruncate(fd, size) < 0) {
-		close(fd);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	return fd;
-}

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-UIAtlas.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+module;
+#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
+#include "../lib/stb_truetype.h"
+module Crafter.Graphics:UIAtlas_impl;
+import :UIAtlas;
+import :Font;
+import :ImageVulkan;
+import :Device;
+import std;
+
+using namespace Crafter;
+using namespace Crafter::UI;
+
+void FontAtlas::Initialize(VkCommandBuffer cmd) {
+    image.Create(
+        kAtlasSize, kAtlasSize, /*mipLevels*/ 1, cmd,
+        VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,
+        VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
+        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL
+    );
+    // Staging buffer is mapped; clear it so empty atlas regions sample as
+    // distance < onedge (i.e. fully outside any glyph).
+    std::memset(image.buffer.value, 0, kAtlasSize * kAtlasSize);
+    dirty = true;
+}
+
+bool FontAtlas::ShelfPlace(int w, int h, int& outX, int& outY) {
+    // Try existing shelves first — same height heuristic keeps fragmentation low.
+    for (Shelf& s : shelves_) {
+        if (h <= s.height && s.cursorX + w <= kAtlasSize) {
+            outX = s.cursorX;
+            outY = s.y;
+            s.cursorX += w;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    // New shelf below current ones.
+    if (nextShelfY_ + h > kAtlasSize) return false;
+    Shelf s{};
+    s.y       = nextShelfY_;
+    s.height  = h;
+    s.cursorX = w;
+    outX = 0;
+    outY = s.y;
+    shelves_.push_back(s);
+    nextShelfY_ += h;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool FontAtlas::Ensure(Font& font, std::uint32_t codepoint) {
+    Key key{&font, codepoint};
+    if (cache_.contains(key)) return true;
+
+    float fontScale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&font.font, kBaseSize);
+
+    // Advance is always present, even for empty glyphs (e.g. space).
+    int advanceUnits = 0, lsb = 0;
+    stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font.font, static_cast<int>(codepoint), &advanceUnits, &lsb);
+
+    int sw = 0, sh = 0, xoff = 0, yoff = 0;
+    unsigned char* sdf = stbtt_GetCodepointSDF(
+        &font.font, fontScale, static_cast<int>(codepoint),
+        kPadding, static_cast<unsigned char>(kOnEdgeValue), kPixelDistScale,
+        &sw, &sh, &xoff, &yoff
+    );
+
+    Glyph g{};
+    g.advance = advanceUnits * fontScale;
+    g.xoff = static_cast<float>(xoff);
+    g.yoff = static_cast<float>(yoff);
+
+    if (sdf && sw > 0 && sh > 0) {
+        int px = 0, py = 0;
+        if (!ShelfPlace(sw, sh, px, py)) {
+            stbtt_FreeSDF(sdf, nullptr);
+            return false;       // V1: silently drop overflow; V2: grow atlas
+        }
+        // Blit row-by-row into the mapped staging buffer.
+        for (int row = 0; row < sh; ++row) {
+            std::memcpy(
+                image.buffer.value + (py + row) * kAtlasSize + px,
+                sdf + row * sw,
+                static_cast<std::size_t>(sw)
+            );
+        }
+        stbtt_FreeSDF(sdf, nullptr);
+
+        g.w  = static_cast<float>(sw);
+        g.h  = static_cast<float>(sh);
+        g.u0 = static_cast<float>(px) / kAtlasSize;
+        g.v0 = static_cast<float>(py) / kAtlasSize;
+        g.u1 = static_cast<float>(px + sw) / kAtlasSize;
+        g.v1 = static_cast<float>(py + sh) / kAtlasSize;
+        dirty = true;
+    }
+    // For empty glyphs (whitespace) we still cache the entry — the size-0
+    // fields tell the emitter to skip the quad but advance the cursor.
+
+    cache_.emplace(key, g);
+    return true;
+}
+
+const Glyph* FontAtlas::Lookup(Font& font, std::uint32_t codepoint) const {
+    auto it = cache_.find(Key{&font, codepoint});
+    return it == cache_.end() ? nullptr : &it->second;
+}
+
+void FontAtlas::Update(VkCommandBuffer cmd) {
+    if (!dirty) return;
+    image.Update(cmd, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);
+    dirty = false;
+}

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-UIRenderer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+module;
+#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
+module Crafter.Graphics:UIRenderer_impl;
+import :UIRenderer;
+import :Device;
+import :Window;
+import :DescriptorHeapVulkan;
+import :VulkanBuffer;
+import :ShaderVulkan;
+import :ImageVulkan;
+import :UIDrawList;
+import :UIAtlas;
+import std;
+
+using namespace Crafter;
+using namespace Crafter::UI;
+
+namespace {
+    // Push-constant block — must match shaders/ui.comp.glsl. The shader's
+    // `vec2 surfaceSize` field has 8-byte alignment under std430, so we
+    // insert explicit padding after `itemCount` to keep the C++ and GLSL
+    // layouts byte-identical (40 bytes total).
+    struct PC {
+        std::uint32_t itemCount;            //  0
+        std::uint32_t _pad0;                //  4
+        float         surfaceSize[2];       //  8
+        float         scale;                // 16
+        std::uint32_t outImageHeapIdx;      // 20
+        std::uint32_t itemBufHeapIdx;       // 24
+        std::uint32_t atlasTextureHeapIdx;  // 28
+        std::uint32_t bindlessBaseHeapIdx;  // 32
+        std::uint32_t linearSamplerHeapIdx; // 36
+    };
+    static_assert(sizeof(PC) == 40, "PC layout must match shader push-constant block");
+    static_assert(sizeof(PC) <= 128, "Push-constant block exceeds the spec-mandated minimum (128 bytes)");
+}
+
+void UIRenderer::Initialize(Window& window,
+                            VkCommandBuffer initCmd,
+                            const std::filesystem::path& spvPath,
+                            std::uint16_t bindlessImageCount) {
+    if (!window.descriptorHeap) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("UIRenderer::Initialize: window.descriptorHeap must be set first");
+    }
+    window_ = &window;
+    bindlessCount_ = bindlessImageCount;
+    auto& heap = *window.descriptorHeap;
+
+    // Slot allocation. Layout in the resource heap (image-typed indexing):
+    //   [outImageBase_ ..]    : Window::numFrames swapchain views (storage)
+    //   [atlasImageSlot_]     : 1 sampled SDF atlas
+    //   [bindlessBase_  ..]   : bindlessImageCount user image slots
+    auto imgSlots = heap.AllocateImageSlots(
+        Window::numFrames + 1 + bindlessImageCount
+    );
+    outImageBase_   = imgSlots.firstElement;
+    atlasImageSlot_ = imgSlots.firstElement + Window::numFrames;
+    bindlessBase_   = imgSlots.firstElement + Window::numFrames + 1;
+
+    // One SSBO per swapchain frame.
+    auto bufSlots = heap.AllocateBufferSlots(Window::numFrames);
+    itemBufBase_ = bufSlots.firstElement;
+
+    // One linear sampler.
+    auto sampSlots = heap.AllocateSamplerSlots(1);
+    linearSamplerSlot_ = sampSlots.firstElement;
+
+    // Initial item-buffer capacity (grows on demand).
+    GrowItemBuffersIfNeeded(256);
+
+    // Atlas image — Initialize records a layout transition into initCmd.
+    atlas.Initialize(initCmd);
+
+    CreatePipeline(spvPath);
+    WriteSwapchainDescriptors();
+    WriteAtlasDescriptor();
+    WriteSamplerDescriptors();
+    WriteItemBufferDescriptors();
+
+    for (auto& h : heap.resourceHeap) h.FlushDevice();
+    for (auto& h : heap.samplerHeap)  h.FlushDevice();
+}
+
+void UIRenderer::GrowItemBuffersIfNeeded(std::uint32_t needed) {
+    if (needed <= itemCapacity_) return;
+    std::uint32_t newCap = itemCapacity_ ? itemCapacity_ * 2 : 256;
+    while (newCap < needed) newCap *= 2;
+    itemCapacity_ = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(std::min<std::uint32_t>(newCap, 65535));
+
+    for (auto& b : itemBufs_) {
+        b.Resize(
+            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT,
+            VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT,
+            itemCapacity_
+        );
+    }
+    // Item buffer descriptors point at the buffers' device addresses, so
+    // they must be re-written after Resize.
+    if (window_) WriteItemBufferDescriptors();
+}
+
+void UIRenderer::SetItems(std::span<const UIItem> items) {
+    if (items.size() > itemCapacity_) {
+        GrowItemBuffersIfNeeded(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(items.size()));
+    }
+    pendingItemCount = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(items.size());
+    auto& buf = itemBufs_[window_->currentBuffer];
+    if (!items.empty()) {
+        std::memcpy(buf.value, items.data(), items.size() * sizeof(UIItem));
+    }
+    buf.FlushDevice();
+}
+
+void UIRenderer::Record(VkCommandBuffer cmd, std::uint32_t frameIdx, Window& window) {
+    // Make sure any glyph rasterisation done during Emit lands on the GPU
+    // before we sample the atlas.
+    atlas.Update(cmd);
+
+    vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, pipeline_);
+
+    PC pc{};
+    pc.itemCount             = pendingItemCount;
+    pc.surfaceSize[0]        = static_cast<float>(window.width);
+    pc.surfaceSize[1]        = static_cast<float>(window.height);
+    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
+    pc.scale                 = window.scale;
+    #else
+    pc.scale                 = 1.0f;
+    #endif
+    pc.outImageHeapIdx       = outImageBase_ + frameIdx;
+    // Buffer-typed shader views index the *whole* heap in buffer-descriptor
+    // units, so we offset past the image region: bufferStartElement is the
+    // first element index where buffer descriptors actually live.
+    pc.itemBufHeapIdx        = window.descriptorHeap->bufferStartElement
+                             + itemBufBase_ + frameIdx;
+    pc.atlasTextureHeapIdx   = atlasImageSlot_;
+    pc.bindlessBaseHeapIdx   = bindlessBase_;
+    pc.linearSamplerHeapIdx  = linearSamplerSlot_;
+
+    // Pipelines created with VK_PIPELINE_CREATE_2_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_BIT_EXT
+    // use vkCmdPushDataEXT for push constants (the spec requires layout to
+    // be VK_NULL_HANDLE in that mode, which means vkCmdPushConstants has
+    // nowhere to attach to).
+    VkPushDataInfoEXT pushInfo{
+        .sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PUSH_DATA_INFO_EXT,
+        .offset = 0,
+        .data   = { .address = &pc, .size = sizeof(PC) },
+    };
+    Device::vkCmdPushDataEXT(cmd, &pushInfo);
+
+    std::uint32_t gx = (window.width  + 15) / 16;
+    std::uint32_t gy = (window.height + 15) / 16;
+    vkCmdDispatch(cmd, gx, gy, 1);
+}
+
+void UIRenderer::CreatePipeline(const std::filesystem::path& spvPath) {
+    VulkanShader shader(spvPath, "main", VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT, nullptr);
+
+    // Spec: "If VkPipelineCreateFlags2CreateInfoKHR::flags includes
+    //       VK_PIPELINE_CREATE_2_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_BIT_EXT, layout must be
+    //       VK_NULL_HANDLE." Push constants are then attached via
+    //       vkCmdPushDataEXT at draw time, not via the layout.
+    VkPipelineCreateFlags2CreateInfo flags2{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_CREATE_FLAGS_2_CREATE_INFO,
+        .flags = VK_PIPELINE_CREATE_2_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_BIT_EXT,
+    };
+    VkComputePipelineCreateInfo info{
+        .sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMPUTE_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext  = &flags2,
+        .stage  = {
+            .sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+            .stage  = VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT,
+            .module = shader.shader,
+            .pName  = "main",
+        },
+        .layout = VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+    };
+    Device::CheckVkResult(vkCreateComputePipelines(
+        Device::device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &info, nullptr, &pipeline_));
+}
+
+// ─── descriptor writes ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+void UIRenderer::WriteSwapchainDescriptors() {
+    auto& heap = *window_->descriptorHeap;
+
+    // One write per (frame, frame index) pairing — same swapchain view per
+    // frame index for each per-frame heap copy.
+    std::array<VkImageDescriptorInfoEXT, Window::numFrames * Window::numFrames> infos{};
+    std::array<VkResourceDescriptorInfoEXT, Window::numFrames * Window::numFrames> resources{};
+    std::array<VkHostAddressRangeEXT, Window::numFrames * Window::numFrames> destinations{};
+
+    std::size_t k = 0;
+    for (std::uint32_t heapFrame = 0; heapFrame < Window::numFrames; ++heapFrame) {
+        for (std::uint32_t imgFrame = 0; imgFrame < Window::numFrames; ++imgFrame) {
+            infos[k] = {
+                .sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
+                .pView  = &window_->imageViews[imgFrame],
+                .layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
+            };
+            resources[k] = {
+                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
+                .type  = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE,
+                .data  = { .pImage = &infos[k] },
+            };
+            destinations[k] = {
+                .address = heap.resourceHeap[heapFrame].value
+                         + heap.ImageByteOffset(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(outImageBase_ + imgFrame)),
+                .size    = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize,
+            };
+            ++k;
+        }
+    }
+    Device::vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT(
+        Device::device, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(k),
+        resources.data(), destinations.data()
+    );
+}
+
+void UIRenderer::WriteAtlasDescriptor() {
+    auto& heap = *window_->descriptorHeap;
+
+    // Build a stable VkImageViewCreateInfo for the atlas. ImageVulkan
+    // pre-creates a VkImageView, but the descriptor-heap path needs a
+    // pointer to a create-info — keep one on the renderer so the
+    // pointers we hand to vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT stay valid.
+    atlasViewCreateInfo_ = {
+        .sType    = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO,
+        .image    = atlas.image.image,
+        .viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
+        .format   = VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,
+        .components = {
+            VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY,
+            VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY,
+        },
+        .subresourceRange = {
+            .aspectMask     = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+            .baseMipLevel   = 0,
+            .levelCount     = 1,
+            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+            .layerCount     = 1,
+        },
+    };
+
+    std::array<VkImageDescriptorInfoEXT,    Window::numFrames> infos{};
+    std::array<VkResourceDescriptorInfoEXT, Window::numFrames> resources{};
+    std::array<VkHostAddressRangeEXT,       Window::numFrames> destinations{};
+
+    for (std::uint32_t f = 0; f < Window::numFrames; ++f) {
+        infos[f] = {
+            .sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
+            .pView  = &atlasViewCreateInfo_,
+            .layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
+        };
+        resources[f] = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
+            .type  = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLED_IMAGE,
+            .data  = { .pImage = &infos[f] },
+        };
+        destinations[f] = {
+            .address = heap.resourceHeap[f].value
+                     + heap.ImageByteOffset(atlasImageSlot_),
+            .size    = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize,
+        };
+    }
+    Device::vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT(
+        Device::device, Window::numFrames, resources.data(), destinations.data()
+    );
+}
+
+void UIRenderer::WriteSamplerDescriptors() {
+    auto& heap = *window_->descriptorHeap;
+
+    VkSamplerCreateInfo info{
+        .sType         = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO,
+        .magFilter     = VK_FILTER_LINEAR,
+        .minFilter     = VK_FILTER_LINEAR,
+        .mipmapMode    = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR,
+        .addressModeU  = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+        .addressModeV  = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+        .addressModeW  = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+        .maxAnisotropy = 1.0f,
+        .minLod        = 0.0f,
+        .maxLod        = VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE,
+    };
+    std::array<VkSamplerCreateInfo, Window::numFrames> infos{};
+    std::array<VkHostAddressRangeEXT, Window::numFrames> destinations{};
+    for (std::uint32_t f = 0; f < Window::numFrames; ++f) {
+        infos[f] = info;
+        destinations[f] = {
+            .address = heap.samplerHeap[f].value
+                     + heap.SamplerByteOffset(linearSamplerSlot_),
+            .size    = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.samplerDescriptorSize,
+        };
+    }
+    Device::vkWriteSamplerDescriptorsEXT(
+        Device::device, Window::numFrames, infos.data(), destinations.data()
+    );
+}
+
+void UIRenderer::WriteItemBufferDescriptors() {
+    auto& heap = *window_->descriptorHeap;
+
+    std::array<VkDeviceAddressRangeEXT, Window::numFrames * Window::numFrames> ranges{};
+    std::array<VkResourceDescriptorInfoEXT, Window::numFrames * Window::numFrames> resources{};
+    std::array<VkHostAddressRangeEXT, Window::numFrames * Window::numFrames> destinations{};
+
+    std::size_t k = 0;
+    for (std::uint32_t heapFrame = 0; heapFrame < Window::numFrames; ++heapFrame) {
+        for (std::uint32_t bufFrame = 0; bufFrame < Window::numFrames; ++bufFrame) {
+            ranges[k] = {
+                .address = itemBufs_[bufFrame].address,
+                .size    = itemBufs_[bufFrame].size,
+            };
+            resources[k] = {
+                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
+                .type  = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
+                .data  = { .pAddressRange = &ranges[k] },
+            };
+            destinations[k] = {
+                .address = heap.resourceHeap[heapFrame].value + heap.BufferByteOffset(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(itemBufBase_ + bufFrame)),
+                .size    = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize,
+            };
+            ++k;
+        }
+    }
+    Device::vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT(
+        Device::device, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(k),
+        resources.data(), destinations.data()
+    );
+}
+
+void UIRenderer::CreateLinearSampler() {
+    // Not used — VK_EXT_descriptor_heap writes the sampler create-info
+    // directly into the heap (see WriteSamplerDescriptors).
+}

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-UIScene.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+module;
+#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
+module Crafter.Graphics:UIScene_impl;
+import :UIScene;
+import :Window;
+import :Types;
+import :DescriptorHeapVulkan;
+import :UIRenderer;
+import :UIHit;
+import :UILayout;
+import :UIDrawList;
+import :UIWidget;
+import Crafter.Event;
+import std;
+
+using namespace Crafter;
+using namespace Crafter::UI;
+
+UIScene::~UIScene() {
+    // Release listeners before the rest of the scene tears down.
+    mouseListener_.reset();
+    updateListener_.reset();
+    textListener_.reset();
+    keyListener_.reset();
+    focused_ = nullptr;
+
+    if (window_) {
+        // De-register the renderer pass.
+        auto& v = window_->passes;
+        v.erase(std::remove(v.begin(), v.end(), static_cast<RenderPass*>(&renderer)), v.end());
+
+        // Clear the descriptor-heap pointer if we owned it; the heap's
+        // destructor releases its Vulkan buffers on its own.
+        if (ownsHeap_ && window_->descriptorHeap == &ownedHeap_) {
+            window_->descriptorHeap = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+float UIScene::WindowScale() const {
+    if (!window_) return 1.0f;
+    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
+    return window_->scale;
+    #else
+    return 1.0f;
+    #endif
+}
+
+void UIScene::Initialize(Window& window, const std::filesystem::path& spvPath) {
+    window_ = &window;
+
+    // Auto-create a heap for UI-only apps. Generous defaults so most
+    // user-augmented heaps will fit too — if the user wants to share with
+    // 3D content, they should pre-create their own heap and attach it
+    // before calling Initialize.
+    if (!window.descriptorHeap) {
+        ownedHeap_.Initialize(/*images*/ 388, /*buffers*/ 35, /*samplers*/ 17);
+        window.descriptorHeap = &ownedHeap_;
+        ownsHeap_ = true;
+    }
+
+    // One-shot init — needed by the atlas image transition. Each
+    // StartInit/FinishInit pair reuses the per-frame command buffer.
+    VkCommandBuffer cmd = window.StartInit();
+    renderer.Initialize(window, cmd, spvPath);
+    window.FinishInit();
+
+    // Register as a RenderPass (after any other pass already in
+    // window.passes — typically RTPass for mixed scenes).
+    window.passes.push_back(&renderer);
+
+    // Mouse: update focus to the topmost focusable under the cursor (or
+    // null if none), then dispatch the click via the bubble chain.
+    mouseListener_ = std::make_unique<EventListener<void>>(
+        &window.onMouseLeftClick,
+        [this]() {
+            if (!root_) return;
+            float x = window_->currentMousePos.x;
+            float y = window_->currentMousePos.y;
+
+            Widget* hit = UI::HitTest(*root_, x, y);
+            Widget* focusTarget = nullptr;
+            for (Widget* w = hit; w != nullptr; w = w->parent) {
+                if (w->IsFocusable()) { focusTarget = w; break; }
+            }
+            SetFocus(focusTarget);
+
+            UI::DispatchClick(*root_, x, y);
+        }
+    );
+
+    // Text input: only the currently-focused widget receives it.
+    textListener_ = std::make_unique<EventListener<const std::string_view>>(
+        &window.onTextInput,
+        [this](std::string_view t) {
+            if (focused_) focused_->OnTextInput(t);
+        }
+    );
+
+    // Non-character keys (Backspace, arrows, Enter, …).
+    keyListener_ = std::make_unique<EventListener<CrafterKeys>>(
+        &window.onAnyKeyDown,
+        [this](CrafterKeys key) {
+            if (focused_) focused_->OnKeyDown(key);
+        }
+    );
+
+    // Per-frame: re-layout, emit, push items.
+    updateListener_ = std::make_unique<EventListener<FrameTime>>(
+        &window.onUpdate,
+        [this](FrameTime) { RebuildFrame(); }
+    );
+}
+
+void UIScene::SetFocus(Widget* w) {
+    if (w == focused_) return;
+    if (focused_) focused_->OnBlur();
+    focused_ = w;
+    if (focused_) focused_->OnFocus();
+}
+
+void UIScene::RebuildFrame() {
+    if (!root_ || !window_) return;
+    float sc = WindowScale();
+
+    // Layout the tree against the current surface size.
+    UI::RunLayout(
+        *root_,
+        { static_cast<float>(window_->width), static_cast<float>(window_->height) },
+        sc
+    );
+
+    // Emit draw items.
+    drawList.Reset();
+    drawList.atlas               = &renderer.atlas;
+    drawList.bindlessBaseHeapIdx = renderer.BindlessBaseHeapIdx();
+    drawList.scale               = sc;
+    if (background_) {
+        drawList.AddRect(
+            { 0, 0, static_cast<float>(window_->width), static_cast<float>(window_->height) },
+            *background_
+        );
+    }
+    UI::EmitTree(*root_, drawList);
+
+    // Stage to GPU.
+    renderer.SetItems(drawList.items);
+}

implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cpp

@@ -37,16 +37,13 @@ module;
 #include <print>
 #include <wayland-client.h>
 #include <wayland-client-protocol.h>
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_SOFTWARE
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <time.h>
 #endif
-#endif
 #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WIN32
 #include <windows.h>
 #include <cassert>
 #endif
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
 #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
 #include "vulkan/vulkan_wayland.h"
@@ -54,17 +51,14 @@ module;
 #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WIN32
 #include "vulkan/vulkan_win32.h"
 #endif
-#endif
+#define STB_IMAGE_WRITE_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "../lib/stb_image_write.h"
 module Crafter.Graphics:Window_impl;
 import :Window;
-import :Transform2D;
-import :MouseElement;
 import :Device;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 import :VulkanTransition;
 import :DescriptorHeapVulkan;
-import :PipelineRTVulkan;
+import :RenderPass;
-#endif
 import std;
 
 using namespace Crafter;
@@ -336,52 +330,24 @@ LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
         case WM_LBUTTONDOWN: {
             window->mouseLeftHeld = true;
 			window->onMouseLeftClick.Invoke();
-			for(MouseElement* element : window->mouseElements) {
-				if(element) {
-					if(window->currentMousePos.x >= element->scaled.position.x && window->currentMousePos.x <= element->scaled.position.x+element->scaled.size.x && window->currentMousePos.y > element->scaled.position.y && window->currentMousePos.y < element->scaled.position.y+element->scaled.size.y) {
-						element->onMouseLeftClick.Invoke();
-					}
-				}
-			}
             break;
         }
 
         case WM_LBUTTONUP: {
             window->mouseLeftHeld = false;
 			window->onMouseLeftRelease.Invoke();	
-			for(MouseElement* element : window->mouseElements) {
-				if(element) {
-					if(window->currentMousePos.x >= element->scaled.position.x && window->currentMousePos.x <= element->scaled.position.x+element->scaled.size.x && window->currentMousePos.y > element->scaled.position.y && window->currentMousePos.y < element->scaled.position.y+element->scaled.size.y) {
-						element->onMouseLeftRelease.Invoke();
-					}
-				}
-			}
             break;
         }
 
         case WM_RBUTTONDOWN: {
             window->mouseRightHeld = true;
 			window->onMouseRightClick.Invoke();
-			for(MouseElement* element : window->mouseElements) {
-				if(element) {
-					if(window->currentMousePos.x >= element->scaled.position.x && window->currentMousePos.x <= element->scaled.position.x+element->scaled.size.x && window->currentMousePos.y > element->scaled.position.y && window->currentMousePos.y < element->scaled.position.y+element->scaled.size.y) {
-						element->onMouseRightClick.Invoke();
-					}
-				}
-			}	
             break;
         }
 
         case WM_RBUTTONUP: {
             window->mouseRightHeld = false;
 			window->onMouseRightRelease.Invoke();
-			for(MouseElement* element : window->mouseElements) {
-				if(element) {
-					if(window->currentMousePos.x >= element->scaled.position.x && window->currentMousePos.x <= element->scaled.position.x+element->scaled.size.x && window->currentMousePos.y > element->scaled.position.y && window->currentMousePos.y < element->scaled.position.y+element->scaled.size.y) {
-						element->onMouseRightRelease.Invoke();
-					}
-				}
-			}
             break;
         }
 
@@ -405,11 +371,7 @@ Window::Window(std::uint32_t width, std::uint32_t height, const std::string_view
     SetTitle(title);
 }
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_SOFTWARE
-Window::Window(std::uint32_t width, std::uint32_t height) : width(width), height(height), renderer(width, height) {
-#else
 Window::Window(std::uint32_t width, std::uint32_t height) : width(width), height(height) {
-#endif
     #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
     Device::windows.push_back(this);
 	surface = wl_compositor_create_surface(Device::compositor);
@@ -434,39 +396,7 @@ Window::Window(std::uint32_t width, std::uint32_t height) : width(width), height
     wp_viewport_set_destination(wpViewport, std::ceil(width/scale), std::ceil(height/scale));
 
     wl_surface_commit(surface);
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_SOFTWARE
-	// Create a wl_buffer, attach it to the surface and commit the surface
-	int stride = width * 4;
-	int size = stride * height;
-
-	// Allocate a shared memory file with the right size
-	int fd = create_shm_file(size);
-	if (fd < 0) {
-        throw std::runtime_error(std::format("creating a buffer file for {}B failed", size));
-	}
-
-	// Map the shared memory file
-	renderer.buffer[0] = reinterpret_cast<Vector<std::uint8_t, 4, 4>*>(mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0));
-	if (renderer.buffer[0] == MAP_FAILED) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("mmap failed");
-	}
-
-	wl_shm_pool *pool = wl_shm_create_pool(Device::shm, fd, size);
-	buffer = wl_shm_pool_create_buffer(pool, 0, width, height, stride, WL_SHM_FORMAT_ARGB8888);
-	wl_shm_pool_destroy(pool);
-
-	close(fd);
-
-	if (buffer == nullptr) {
-		throw std::runtime_error("wl_buffer creation failed");
-	}
-
-	wl_surface_attach(surface, buffer, 0, 0);
-	wl_surface_commit(surface);
     #endif
-    #endif
-
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 
     #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WIN32
     // Initialize the window class
@@ -574,7 +504,6 @@ Window::Window(std::uint32_t width, std::uint32_t height) : width(width), height
 	submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
 	submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = &semaphores.renderComplete;
     submitInfo.pNext = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    #endif
 
     lastMousePos = {0,0};
     mouseDelta = {0,0};
@@ -588,13 +517,11 @@ void Window::SetTitle(const std::string_view title) {
 }
 
 void Window::SetCusorImage(std::uint16_t sizeX, std::uint16_t sizeY) {
-    new (&cursorRenderer) Rendertarget<std::uint8_t, 4, 4, 1>(sizeX, sizeY);
     #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
     if(cursorSurface == nullptr) {
         cursorSurface = wl_compositor_create_surface(Device::compositor);
     } else {
         wl_buffer_destroy(cursorWlBuffer);
-        munmap(cursorRenderer.buffer[0], cursorBufferOldSize);
     }
 
     int stride = sizeX * 4;
@@ -607,11 +534,6 @@ void Window::SetCusorImage(std::uint16_t sizeX, std::uint16_t sizeY) {
         throw std::runtime_error(std::format("creating a buffer file for {}B failed", size));
 	}
 
-    cursorRenderer.buffer[0] = reinterpret_cast<Vector<std::uint8_t, 4, 4>*>(mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0));
-	if (cursorRenderer.buffer[0] == MAP_FAILED) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("mmap failed");
-	}
-
 	wl_shm_pool *pool = wl_shm_create_pool(Device::shm, fd, size);
 	cursorWlBuffer = wl_shm_pool_create_buffer(pool, 0, sizeX, sizeY, stride, WL_SHM_FORMAT_ARGB8888);
 	wl_shm_pool_destroy(pool);
@@ -673,21 +595,11 @@ void Window::SetCusorImageDefault() {
 
 void Window::UpdateCursorImage() {
     #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
-    cursorRenderer.Render(0);
-    for(std::uint32_t i = 0; i < cursorBufferOldSize / 4; i++) {
-        std::swap(cursorRenderer.buffer[0][i].b, cursorRenderer.buffer[0][i].r);
-    }
     wl_surface_attach(cursorSurface, cursorWlBuffer, 0, 0);
     wl_surface_damage(cursorSurface, 0, 0, 9999999, 99999999);
     wl_surface_commit(cursorSurface);
     #endif
     #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WIN32
-    cursorRenderer.Render(0);
-
-    // Swap R and B channels (renderer is RGBA, GDI DIB is BGRA)
-    for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < (std::uint32_t)(cursorSizeX * cursorSizeY); i++) {
-        std::swap(cursorRenderer.buffer[0][i].r, cursorRenderer.buffer[0][i].b);
-    }
 
     // Create a mask bitmap (all zeros = fully opaque, alpha comes from color bitmap)
     HBITMAP hMask = CreateBitmap(cursorSizeX, cursorSizeY, 1, 1, nullptr);
@@ -781,15 +693,6 @@ void Window::Update() {
 }
 
 void Window::Render() {
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_SOFTWARE
-    renderer.Render(0);
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
-    wl_surface_attach(surface, buffer, 0, 0);
-    wl_surface_commit(surface);
-    wl_surface_damage(surface, 0, 0, 10000, 100000);
-    #endif
-    #endif
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
     // Acquire the next image from the swap chain
     Device::CheckVkResult(vkAcquireNextImageKHR(Device::device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, semaphores.presentComplete, (VkFence)nullptr, &currentBuffer));
     submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
@@ -810,7 +713,7 @@ void Window::Render() {
     VkImageMemoryBarrier image_memory_barrier {
         .sType               = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
         .srcAccessMask       = 0,
-        .dstAccessMask       = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT,
+        .dstAccessMask       = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
         .oldLayout           = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
         .newLayout           = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
         .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
@@ -819,7 +722,7 @@ void Window::Render() {
         .subresourceRange    = range
     };
 
-    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_RAY_TRACING_SHADER_BIT_KHR, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_memory_barrier);
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_memory_barrier);
 
     onUpdate.Invoke({startTime, startTime-lastFrameBegin});
     #ifdef CRAFTER_TIMING
@@ -831,31 +734,48 @@ void Window::Render() {
     }
     #endif
 
-    vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_KHR, pipeline->pipeline);
+    if (descriptorHeap) {
-    
+        VkBindHeapInfoEXT resourceHeapInfo = {
-    VkBindHeapInfoEXT resourceHeapInfo = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_HEAP_INFO_EXT,
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_HEAP_INFO_EXT,
+            .heapRange = {
-        .heapRange = {
+                .address = descriptorHeap->resourceHeap[currentBuffer].address,
-            .address = descriptorHeap->resourceHeap[currentBuffer].address,
+                .size = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(descriptorHeap->resourceHeap[currentBuffer].size)
-            .size = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(descriptorHeap->resourceHeap[currentBuffer].size)
+            },
-        },
+            .reservedRangeOffset = (descriptorHeap->resourceHeap[currentBuffer].size  - Device::descriptorHeapProperties.minResourceHeapReservedRange) & ~(Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorAlignment - 1),
-        .reservedRangeOffset = (descriptorHeap->resourceHeap[currentBuffer].size  - Device::descriptorHeapProperties.minResourceHeapReservedRange) & ~(Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorAlignment - 1),
+            .reservedRangeSize = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.minResourceHeapReservedRange
-        .reservedRangeSize = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.minResourceHeapReservedRange
+        };
-    };
+        Device::vkCmdBindResourceHeapEXT(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], &resourceHeapInfo);
-    Device::vkCmdBindResourceHeapEXT(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], &resourceHeapInfo);
 
-    VkBindHeapInfoEXT samplerHeapInfo = {
+        VkBindHeapInfoEXT samplerHeapInfo = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_HEAP_INFO_EXT,
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_HEAP_INFO_EXT,
-        .heapRange = {
+            .heapRange = {
-            .address = descriptorHeap->samplerHeap[currentBuffer].address,
+                .address = descriptorHeap->samplerHeap[currentBuffer].address,
-            .size = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(descriptorHeap->samplerHeap[currentBuffer].size)
+                .size = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(descriptorHeap->samplerHeap[currentBuffer].size)
-        },
+            },
-        .reservedRangeOffset = descriptorHeap->samplerHeap[currentBuffer].size - Device::descriptorHeapProperties.minSamplerHeapReservedRange,
+            .reservedRangeOffset = descriptorHeap->samplerHeap[currentBuffer].size - Device::descriptorHeapProperties.minSamplerHeapReservedRange,
-        .reservedRangeSize = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.minSamplerHeapReservedRange
+            .reservedRangeSize = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.minSamplerHeapReservedRange
-    };
+        };
-    Device::vkCmdBindSamplerHeapEXT(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], &samplerHeapInfo);
+        Device::vkCmdBindSamplerHeapEXT(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], &samplerHeapInfo);
+    }
 
-    Device::vkCmdTraceRaysKHR(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], &pipeline->raygenRegion, &pipeline->missRegion, &pipeline->hitRegion, &pipeline->callableRegion, width, height, 1);
+    // Note: vkCmdClearColorImage is unavailable here — the swapchain is
+    // created with VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT only (no TRANSFER_DST_BIT).
+    // Passes that need a background should write one explicitly (UIScene
+    // exposes a `background()` setter for this purpose).
+    (void)clearColor;
+
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < passes.size(); ++i) {
+        passes[i]->Record(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], currentBuffer, *this);
+
+        if (i + 1 < passes.size()) {
+            VkMemoryBarrier mb {
+                .sType         = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+                .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT,
+                .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT,
+            };
+            vkCmdPipelineBarrier(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, 0, 1, &mb, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr);
+        }
+    }
 
     VkImageMemoryBarrier image_memory_barrier2 {
         .sType               = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
@@ -869,7 +789,7 @@ void Window::Render() {
         .subresourceRange    = range
     };
 
-    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_RAY_TRACING_SHADER_BIT_KHR, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_memory_barrier2);
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer], VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_memory_barrier2);
 
     Device::CheckVkResult(vkEndCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer]));
 
@@ -894,7 +814,6 @@ void Window::Render() {
         Device::CheckVkResult(result);
     }
     Device::CheckVkResult(vkQueueWaitIdle(Device::queue));
-    #endif
 }
 
 #ifdef CRAFTER_TIMING
@@ -935,7 +854,6 @@ void Window::LogTiming() {
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 void Window::CreateSwapchain()
 {
 	// Store the current swap chain handle so we can use it later on to ease up recreation
@@ -1009,7 +927,7 @@ void Window::CreateSwapchain()
 	swapchainCI.imageFormat = colorFormat;
 	swapchainCI.imageColorSpace = colorSpace;
 	swapchainCI.imageExtent = { swapchainExtent.width, swapchainExtent.height };
-	swapchainCI.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT;
+	swapchainCI.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
 	swapchainCI.preTransform = (VkSurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR)preTransform;
 	swapchainCI.imageArrayLayers = 1;
 	swapchainCI.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
@@ -1120,8 +1038,6 @@ void Window::EndCmd(VkCommandBuffer cmd) {
     Device::CheckVkResult(vkQueueWaitIdle(Device::queue));
 }
 
-#endif
-
 #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
 void Window::wl_surface_frame_done(void* data, struct wl_callback *cb, uint32_t time) {
 	wl_callback_destroy(cb);
@@ -1167,4 +1083,135 @@ void Window::xdg_surface_handle_preferred_scale(void* data, wp_fractional_scale_
     window->scale = scale / 120.0f;
 }
 
-#endif
+#endif
+
+void Window::SaveFrame(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
+    // Staging buffer big enough for one RGBA frame.
+    VkDeviceSize bufSize = static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(width) * height * 4;
+
+    VkBufferCreateInfo bci{
+        .sType       = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
+        .size        = bufSize,
+        .usage       = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
+        .sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
+    };
+    VkBuffer stagingBuf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    Device::CheckVkResult(vkCreateBuffer(Device::device, &bci, nullptr, &stagingBuf));
+
+    VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;
+    vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(Device::device, stagingBuf, &memReqs);
+    VkMemoryAllocateInfo mai{
+        .sType           = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+        .allocationSize  = memReqs.size,
+        .memoryTypeIndex = Device::GetMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits,
+            VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT),
+    };
+    VkDeviceMemory stagingMem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    Device::CheckVkResult(vkAllocateMemory(Device::device, &mai, nullptr, &stagingMem));
+    Device::CheckVkResult(vkBindBufferMemory(Device::device, stagingBuf, stagingMem, 0));
+
+    // One-shot command buffer so we don't trash the per-frame ones.
+    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cba{
+        .sType       = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+        .commandPool = Device::commandPool,
+        .level       = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
+        .commandBufferCount = 1,
+    };
+    VkCommandBuffer cmd = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    Device::CheckVkResult(vkAllocateCommandBuffers(Device::device, &cba, &cmd));
+
+    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cbi{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO,
+        .flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT,
+    };
+    Device::CheckVkResult(vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &cbi));
+
+    VkImageSubresourceRange range{
+        .aspectMask     = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+        .baseMipLevel   = 0,
+        .levelCount     = 1,
+        .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+        .layerCount     = 1,
+    };
+
+    // Render() leaves the image in PRESENT_SRC_KHR.
+    VkImageMemoryBarrier toSrc{
+        .sType               = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+        .srcAccessMask       = 0,
+        .dstAccessMask       = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT,
+        .oldLayout           = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
+        .newLayout           = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
+        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+        .image               = images[currentBuffer],
+        .subresourceRange    = range,
+    };
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd,
+        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
+        0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &toSrc);
+
+    VkBufferImageCopy region{
+        .bufferOffset      = 0,
+        .bufferRowLength   = 0,
+        .bufferImageHeight = 0,
+        .imageSubresource  = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 0, 1 },
+        .imageOffset       = { 0, 0, 0 },
+        .imageExtent       = { width, height, 1 },
+    };
+    vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(cmd, images[currentBuffer],
+        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL, stagingBuf, 1, &region);
+
+    VkImageMemoryBarrier back{
+        .sType               = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+        .srcAccessMask       = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT,
+        .dstAccessMask       = 0,
+        .oldLayout           = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
+        .newLayout           = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
+        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+        .image               = images[currentBuffer],
+        .subresourceRange    = range,
+    };
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd,
+        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT,
+        0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &back);
+
+    Device::CheckVkResult(vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd));
+
+    VkSubmitInfo si{
+        .sType              = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO,
+        .commandBufferCount = 1,
+        .pCommandBuffers    = &cmd,
+    };
+    Device::CheckVkResult(vkQueueSubmit(Device::queue, 1, &si, VK_NULL_HANDLE));
+    Device::CheckVkResult(vkQueueWaitIdle(Device::queue));
+
+    // Read back, swizzle BGRA → RGBA if needed, write PNG.
+    void* mapped = nullptr;
+    Device::CheckVkResult(vkMapMemory(Device::device, stagingMem, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, 0, &mapped));
+    const std::uint8_t* src = static_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(mapped);
+
+    std::vector<std::uint8_t> rgba(static_cast<std::size_t>(width) * height * 4);
+    bool bgr = (colorFormat == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM);
+    for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < width * height; ++i) {
+        if (bgr) {
+            rgba[i*4+0] = src[i*4+2];
+            rgba[i*4+1] = src[i*4+1];
+            rgba[i*4+2] = src[i*4+0];
+            rgba[i*4+3] = src[i*4+3];
+        } else {
+            rgba[i*4+0] = src[i*4+0];
+            rgba[i*4+1] = src[i*4+1];
+            rgba[i*4+2] = src[i*4+2];
+            rgba[i*4+3] = src[i*4+3];
+        }
+    }
+    vkUnmapMemory(Device::device, stagingMem);
+
+    stbi_write_png(path.string().c_str(), static_cast<int>(width), static_cast<int>(height),
+                   4, rgba.data(), static_cast<int>(width) * 4);
+
+    vkFreeCommandBuffers(Device::device, Device::commandPool, 1, &cmd);
+    vkDestroyBuffer(Device::device, stagingBuf, nullptr);
+    vkFreeMemory(Device::device, stagingMem, nullptr);
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-DescriptorHeapVulkan.cppm

@@ -18,11 +18,8 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
 
 module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 export module Crafter.Graphics:DescriptorHeapVulkan;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 import std;
 import :Device;
 import :Window;
@@ -30,12 +27,23 @@ import :Types;
 import :VulkanBuffer;
 
 export namespace Crafter {
+    struct ImageSlotRange   { std::uint16_t firstElement; std::uint16_t count; };
+    struct BufferSlotRange  { std::uint16_t firstElement; std::uint16_t count; };
+    struct SamplerSlotRange { std::uint16_t firstElement; std::uint16_t count; };
+
     struct DescriptorHeapVulkan {
         VulkanBuffer<std::uint8_t, true> resourceHeap[Window::numFrames];
         VulkanBuffer<std::uint8_t, true> samplerHeap[Window::numFrames];
         std::uint32_t bufferStartOffset;
         std::uint16_t bufferStartElement;
-        
+
+        std::uint16_t imageCapacity = 0;
+        std::uint16_t bufferCapacity = 0;
+        std::uint16_t samplerCapacity = 0;
+        std::uint16_t imageNext = 0;
+        std::uint16_t bufferNext = 0;
+        std::uint16_t samplerNext = 0;
+
         void Initialize(std::uint16_t images, std::uint16_t buffers, std::uint16_t samplers) {
             std::uint32_t descriptorRegion = images * Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize + buffers * Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize;
             std::uint32_t alignedDescriptorRegion = (descriptorRegion + Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorAlignment - 1) & ~(Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorAlignment - 1);
@@ -47,11 +55,57 @@ export namespace Crafter {
                 bufferStartElement = 1;
             }
             bufferStartOffset = bufferStartElement * Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize;
+
+            imageCapacity = images;
+            bufferCapacity = buffers;
+            samplerCapacity = samplers;
+            imageNext = 0;
+            bufferNext = 0;
+            samplerNext = 0;
+
             for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
                 resourceHeap[i].Resize(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_BIT_EXT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, resourceSize);
                 samplerHeap[i].Resize(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_BIT_EXT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, samplerSize);
             }
         }
+
+        ImageSlotRange AllocateImageSlots(std::uint16_t count) {
+            if (imageNext + count > imageCapacity) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(std::format("DescriptorHeapVulkan: out of image slots ({} requested, {} remaining of {})", count, imageCapacity - imageNext, imageCapacity));
+            }
+            ImageSlotRange r{imageNext, count};
+            imageNext += count;
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        BufferSlotRange AllocateBufferSlots(std::uint16_t count) {
+            if (bufferNext + count > bufferCapacity) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(std::format("DescriptorHeapVulkan: out of buffer slots ({} requested, {} remaining of {})", count, bufferCapacity - bufferNext, bufferCapacity));
+            }
+            BufferSlotRange r{bufferNext, count};
+            bufferNext += count;
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        SamplerSlotRange AllocateSamplerSlots(std::uint16_t count) {
+            if (samplerNext + count > samplerCapacity) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(std::format("DescriptorHeapVulkan: out of sampler slots ({} requested, {} remaining of {})", count, samplerCapacity - samplerNext, samplerCapacity));
+            }
+            SamplerSlotRange r{samplerNext, count};
+            samplerNext += count;
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        std::uint32_t ImageByteOffset(std::uint16_t firstElement) const {
+            return firstElement * Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize;
+        }
+        std::uint32_t BufferByteOffset(std::uint16_t firstElement) const {
+            return bufferStartOffset + firstElement * Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize;
+        }
+        std::uint32_t SamplerByteOffset(std::uint16_t firstElement) const {
+            return firstElement * Device::descriptorHeapProperties.samplerDescriptorSize;
+        }
+
         inline static std::uint32_t GetBufferOffset(std::uint16_t images, std::uint16_t buffers) {
             std::uint32_t bufferStartElement = images * Device::descriptorHeapProperties.imageDescriptorSize / Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize;
 
@@ -66,10 +120,8 @@ export namespace Crafter {
             if(images > 0 && bufferStartElement == 0) {
                 bufferStartElement = 1;
             }
-            
+
             return bufferStartElement;
         }
     };
-}
+}
-
-#endif

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Device.cppm

@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
 
 module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
 #include <wayland-client.h>
 #include <wayland-client-protocol.h>
@@ -98,7 +96,6 @@ export namespace Crafter {
         };
         #endif
 
-        #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
         inline static VkInstance instance = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         inline static VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         inline static VkPhysicalDevice physDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
@@ -117,6 +114,8 @@ export namespace Crafter {
         inline static PFN_vkCmdBindResourceHeapEXT vkCmdBindResourceHeapEXT;
         inline static PFN_vkCmdBindSamplerHeapEXT vkCmdBindSamplerHeapEXT;
         inline static PFN_vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT;
+        inline static PFN_vkWriteSamplerDescriptorsEXT vkWriteSamplerDescriptorsEXT;
+        inline static PFN_vkCmdPushDataEXT vkCmdPushDataEXT;
         inline static PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceDescriptorSizeEXT vkGetPhysicalDeviceDescriptorSizeEXT;
         inline static PFN_vkGetDeviceFaultInfoEXT vkGetDeviceFaultInfoEXT;
 
@@ -132,6 +131,5 @@ export namespace Crafter {
 
         static void CheckVkResult(VkResult result);
         static std::uint32_t GetMemoryType(std::uint32_t typeBits, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties);
-        #endif
     };
 }

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Font.cppm

@@ -26,14 +26,45 @@ export module Crafter.Graphics:Font;
 import std;
 
 namespace Crafter {
+    // Decode the UTF-8 codepoint at `text[i]` and advance `i` past it.
+    // Returns 0 once `i` reaches the end. Malformed sequences yield U+FFFD
+    // and the index is moved past one byte to keep iteration finite.
+    export inline std::uint32_t DecodeUtf8(std::string_view text, std::size_t& i) {
+        if (i >= text.size()) return 0;
+        std::uint8_t b0 = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(text[i]);
+
+        // Single-byte ASCII is the common path.
+        if (b0 < 0x80) { ++i; return b0; }
+
+        int extra;
+        std::uint32_t cp;
+        if      ((b0 & 0xE0) == 0xC0) { extra = 1; cp = b0 & 0x1F; }
+        else if ((b0 & 0xF0) == 0xE0) { extra = 2; cp = b0 & 0x0F; }
+        else if ((b0 & 0xF8) == 0xF0) { extra = 3; cp = b0 & 0x07; }
+        else { ++i; return 0xFFFD; }   // continuation byte at start, or 5+-byte leader
+
+        ++i;
+        for (int k = 0; k < extra; ++k) {
+            if (i >= text.size()) return 0xFFFD;
+            std::uint8_t b = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(text[i]);
+            if ((b & 0xC0) != 0x80) return 0xFFFD;       // missing continuation
+            cp = (cp << 6) | (b & 0x3Fu);
+            ++i;
+        }
+        return cp;
+    }
+
     export class Font {
     public:
         std::vector<unsigned char> fontBuffer;
-        std::int_fast32_t ascent; 
+        std::int_fast32_t ascent;
-        std::int_fast32_t descent; 
+        std::int_fast32_t descent;
         std::int_fast32_t lineGap;
         stbtt_fontinfo font;
         Font(const std::filesystem::path& font);
         std::uint32_t GetLineWidth(const std::string_view text, float size);
+        float LineHeight(float size);
+        float AscentPx(float size);     // baseline offset from line-top
+        float ScaleForSize(float size); // stb's pixel-units-per-em factor
     };
 }

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-GridElement.cppm

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-/*
-Crafter®.Graphics
-Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
-catcrafts.net
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
-
-This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
-*/
-
-export module Crafter.Graphics:GridElement;
-import std;
-import :Transform2D;
-import :ForwardDeclarations;
-
-export namespace Crafter {
-    struct GridElement : Transform2D {
-        std::uint32_t columns;
-        std::uint32_t rows;
-        std::int32_t spacingX;
-        std::int32_t spacingY;
-        std::int32_t paddingX;
-        std::int32_t paddingY;
-        GridElement(std::uint32_t columns, std::uint32_t rows, std::int32_t spacingX, std::int32_t spacingY, std::int32_t paddingX, std::int32_t paddingY, Anchor2D anchor) : Transform2D(anchor), columns(columns), rows(rows), spacingX(spacingX), spacingY(spacingY), paddingX(paddingX), paddingY(paddingY) {
-
-        }
-        void UpdatePosition(RendertargetBase& window, Transform2D& parent) override {
-            ScaleElement(parent);
-            std::int32_t cellWidth = (paddingX * 2) - (spacingX * (columns - 1)) / columns;
-            std::int32_t cellHeight = (paddingY * 2) - (spacingY * (rows - 1)) / rows;
-            
-            std::size_t childIndex = 0;
-            for (std::uint32_t row = 0; row < rows && childIndex < this->children.size(); ++row) {
-                for (std::uint32_t col = 0; col < columns && childIndex < this->children.size(); ++col) {
-                    Transform2D* child = this->children[childIndex];
-                    
-                    // Calculate position for this child
-                    std::int32_t childX = (cellWidth * col) + (spacingX * col) + paddingX;
-
-                    std::int32_t childY = (cellHeight * row) + (spacingY * row) + paddingY;
-                    
-                    // Apply relative positioning
-                    child->anchor.x = childX;
-                    child->anchor.y = childY;
-                    child->anchor.width = cellWidth;
-                    child->anchor.height = cellHeight;
-                    
-                    // Update child position
-                    child->UpdatePosition(window, *this);
-                    childIndex++;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-ImageVulkan.cppm

@@ -19,16 +19,13 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  0215-1301 USA
 
 module;
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 
 export module Crafter.Graphics:ImageVulkan;
 import std;
 import :VulkanBuffer;
 
 export namespace Crafter {
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
     template <typename PixelType>
     class ImageVulkan {
     public:
@@ -45,7 +42,11 @@ export namespace Crafter {
             this->width = width;
             this->height = height;
             this->mipLevels = mipLevels;
-            buffer.Create(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, width * height);
+            buffer.Create(
+                VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT,
+                VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT,
+                width * height
+            );
             
             VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = {};
             imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
@@ -178,5 +179,4 @@ export namespace Crafter {
             vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd, sourceStage, destinationStage, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
         }
     };
-    #endif
 }

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Mesh.cppm

@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 
 module;
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 
 export module Crafter.Graphics:Mesh;
 import std;
@@ -29,7 +27,6 @@ import Crafter.Math;
 import :VulkanBuffer;
 
 export namespace Crafter {
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
     class Mesh {
         public:
         VulkanBuffer<char, false> scratchBuffer;
@@ -43,5 +40,4 @@ export namespace Crafter {
         bool opaque;
         void Build(std::span<Vector<float, 3, 3>> verticies, std::span<std::uint32_t> indicies, VkCommandBuffer cmd);
     };
-    #endif
 }

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-PipelineRTVulkan.cppm

@@ -18,11 +18,8 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
 
 module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 export module Crafter.Graphics:PipelineRTVulkan;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 import std;
 import :Device;
 import :VulkanBuffer;
@@ -115,6 +112,4 @@ export namespace Crafter {
             vkDestroyPipeline(Device::device, pipeline, nullptr);
         }
     };
-}
+}
-
-#endif

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RTPass.cppm

@@ -16,29 +16,29 @@ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
-
+module;
-export module Crafter.Graphics:MouseElement;
+#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
+export module Crafter.Graphics:RTPass;
 import std;
-import Crafter.Event;
+import :RenderPass;
-import :Transform2D;
+import :Window;
-import :ForwardDeclarations;
+import :Device;
+import :PipelineRTVulkan;
 
 export namespace Crafter {
-    struct MouseElement : Transform2D {
+    struct RTPass : RenderPass {
-        Event<void> onMouseMove;
+        PipelineRTVulkan* pipeline;
-        Event<void> onMouseEnter;
-        Event<void> onMouseLeave;
-        Event<void> onMouseRightClick;
-        Event<void> onMouseLeftClick;
-        Event<void> onMouseRightHold;
-        Event<void> onMouseLeftHold;
-        Event<void> onMouseRightRelease;
-        Event<void> onMouseLeftRelease;
-        bool mouseHover = false;
 
-        MouseElement();
+        RTPass(PipelineRTVulkan* p) : pipeline(p) {}
-        MouseElement(Window& window);
+
-        MouseElement(Anchor2D anchor);
+        void Record(VkCommandBuffer cmd, std::uint32_t /*frameIdx*/, Window& window) override {
-        MouseElement(Anchor2D anchor, Window& window);
+            vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_KHR, pipeline->pipeline);
+            Device::vkCmdTraceRaysKHR(cmd,
+                &pipeline->raygenRegion,
+                &pipeline->missRegion,
+                &pipeline->hitRegion,
+                &pipeline->callableRegion,
+                window.width, window.height, 1);
+        }
     };
-}
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RenderPass.cppm

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 /*
 Crafter®.Graphics
 Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
-Catcrafts.net
+catcrafts.net
 
 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
-version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 
 This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
@@ -17,17 +16,16 @@ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
-
+module;
-module Crafter.Graphics:Transform2D_impl;
+#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-import :Transform2D;
+export module Crafter.Graphics:RenderPass;
-import :Rendertarget;
-import :Types;
-import :Font;
 import std;
 
-using namespace Crafter;
+export namespace Crafter {
+    struct Window;
 
-
+    struct RenderPass {
-Anchor2D::Anchor2D(float x, float y, float width, float height, float offsetX, float offsetY, std::uint8_t z, bool maintainAspectRatio): x(x), y(y), width(width), height(height), offsetX(offsetX), offsetY(offsetY), z(z), maintainAspectRatio(maintainAspectRatio) {
+        virtual void Record(VkCommandBuffer cmd, std::uint32_t frameIdx, Window& window) = 0;
-
+        virtual ~RenderPass() = default;
-}
+    };
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RenderingElement2D.cppm

@@ -1,449 +0,0 @@
-/*
-Crafter®.Graphics
-Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
-catcrafts.net
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
-
-This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
-*/
-
-module;
-#include "../lib/stb_truetype.h"
-export module Crafter.Graphics:RenderingElement2D;
-import Crafter.Asset;
-import std;
-import :Transform2D;
-import :RenderingElement2DBase;
-import :Font;
-import :Types;
-import :Window;
-
-export namespace Crafter {
-    template<typename T, bool Scaling, bool Owning, bool Rotating, std::uint8_t Alignment = 0, std::uint8_t Frames = 1> requires ((!Rotating || Scaling) && (!Owning || Scaling))
-    struct RenderingElement2D : RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>, ScalingBase<T, Scaling, Owning, Alignment>, RotatingBase<Rotating> {
-        RenderingElement2D() = default;
-        RenderingElement2D(Anchor2D anchor, OpaqueType opaque) : RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>(anchor, opaque) {
-
-        }
-        RenderingElement2D(Anchor2D anchor, OpaqueType opaque, std::uint32_t rotation) requires(Rotating) : RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>(anchor, opaque), RotatingBase<Rotating>(rotation) {
-
-        }
-        RenderingElement2D(Anchor2D anchor, OpaqueType opaque, std::uint32_t bufferWidth, std::uint32_t bufferHeight, Vector<T, 4, Alignment>* scalingBuffer) requires(Scaling && !Owning) : RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>(anchor, opaque), ScalingBase<T, Scaling, Owning, Alignment>(bufferWidth, bufferHeight, scalingBuffer) {
-
-        }
-        RenderingElement2D(Anchor2D anchor, OpaqueType opaque, std::uint32_t bufferWidth, std::uint32_t bufferHeight, Vector<T, 4, Alignment>* scalingBuffer, std::uint32_t rotation) requires(Scaling && !Owning && Rotating) : RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>(anchor, opaque), ScalingBase<T,  Scaling, Owning, Alignment>(bufferWidth, bufferHeight, scalingBuffer), RotatingBase<Rotating>(rotation) {
-
-        }
-        RenderingElement2D(Anchor2D anchor, OpaqueType opaque, std::uint32_t bufferWidth, std::uint32_t bufferHeight) requires(Owning) : RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>(anchor, opaque), ScalingBase<T,  Scaling, Owning, Alignment>(bufferWidth, bufferHeight) {
-
-        }
-        RenderingElement2D(Anchor2D anchor, OpaqueType opaque, std::uint32_t bufferWidth, std::uint32_t bufferHeight, std::uint32_t rotation) requires(Owning && Rotating) : RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>(anchor, opaque), ScalingBase<T,  Scaling, Owning, Alignment>(bufferWidth, bufferHeight) , RotatingBase<Rotating>(rotation) {
-
-        }
-        RenderingElement2D(Anchor2D anchor, TextureAsset<Vector<T, 4, Alignment>>& texture) requires(!Owning && Scaling) : RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>(anchor, texture.opaque), ScalingBase<T, Scaling, Owning, Alignment>(texture.pixels.data(), texture.sizeX, texture.sizeY) {
-
-        }
-        RenderingElement2D(Anchor2D anchor, TextureAsset<Vector<T, 4, Alignment>>& texture, std::uint32_t rotation) requires(!Owning && Scaling && Rotating) : RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>(anchor, texture.opaque), ScalingBase<T,  Scaling, Owning, Alignment>(texture.pixels.data(), texture.sizeX, texture.sizeY), RotatingBase<Rotating>(rotation) {
-
-        }
-
-        RenderingElement2D(RenderingElement2D&) = delete;
-        RenderingElement2D& operator=(RenderingElement2D&) = delete;
-
-        void ScaleNearestNeighbor() requires(Scaling) {
-            for (std::uint32_t y = 0; y < this->scaled.size.y; y++) {
-                std::uint32_t srcY = y * ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferHeight / this->scaled.size.y;
-                for (std::uint32_t x = 0; x < this->scaled.size.x; x++) {
-                    std::uint32_t srcX = x * ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferWidth / this->scaled.size.x;
-                    this->buffer[y * this->scaled.size.x + x] = ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::scalingBuffer[srcY * ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferWidth + srcX];
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        void ScaleRotating() requires(Scaling) {
-            const float dstWidth  = this->scaled.size.x;
-            const float dstHeight = this->scaled.size.y;
-
-            const float c2 = std::abs(std::cos(RotatingBase<true>::rotation));
-            const float s2 = std::abs(std::sin(RotatingBase<true>::rotation));
-
-            const float rotatedWidth  = dstWidth  * c2 + dstHeight * s2;
-            const float rotatedHeight = dstWidth  * s2 + dstHeight * c2;
-
-            const float diffX = std::ceil((rotatedWidth  - dstWidth)  * 0.5);
-            const float diffY = std::ceil((rotatedHeight - dstHeight) * 0.5);
-
-            this->scaled.size.x += diffX + diffX;
-            this->scaled.size.y += diffY + diffY;
-
-            this->scaled.position.x -= diffX;
-            this->scaled.position.y -= diffY;
-
-            this->buffer.clear();
-            this->buffer.resize(this->scaled.size.x * this->scaled.size.y);
-
-            // Destination center
-            const float dstCx = (this->scaled.size.x  - 1.0) * 0.5;
-            const float dstCy = (this->scaled.size.y - 1.0) * 0.5;
-
-            // Source center
-            const float srcCx = (ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferWidth  - 1.0) * 0.5;
-            const float srcCy = (ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferHeight - 1.0) * 0.5;
-
-            const float c = std::cos(RotatingBase<true>::rotation);
-            const float s = std::sin(RotatingBase<true>::rotation);
-
-            // Scale factors (destination → source)
-            const float scaleX = static_cast<float>(ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferWidth)  / dstWidth;
-            const float scaleY = static_cast<float>(ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferHeight) / dstHeight;
-
-            for (std::uint32_t yB = 0; yB < this->scaled.size.y; ++yB) {
-                for (std::uint32_t xB = 0; xB < this->scaled.size.x; ++xB) {
-
-                    // ---- Destination pixel relative to center ----
-                    const float dx = (static_cast<float>(xB) - dstCx) * scaleX;
-                    const float dy = (static_cast<float>(yB) - dstCy) * scaleY;
-
-                    // ---- Inverse rotation ----
-                    const float sx =  (c * dx - s * dy) + srcCx;
-                    const float sy =  (s * dx + c * dy) + srcCy;
-
-                    // ---- Nearest neighbour sampling ----
-                    const std::int32_t srcX = static_cast<std::int32_t>(std::round(sx));
-                    const std::int32_t srcY = static_cast<std::int32_t>(std::round(sy));
-
-                    if (srcX >= 0 && srcX < ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferWidth && srcY >= 0 && srcY < ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferHeight) {
-                        this->buffer[yB * this->scaled.size.x + xB] = ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::scalingBuffer[srcY * ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferWidth + srcX];
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        
-
-        void UpdatePosition(RendertargetBase& window, Transform2D& parent) override {
-            ScaleData2D oldScale = this->scaled;
-            this->ScaleElement(parent);
-            if constexpr(Scaling && !Rotating) {
-                if(oldScale.size.x != this->scaled.size.x || oldScale.size.y != this->scaled.size.y) {
-                    this->buffer.resize(this->scaled.size.x * this->scaled.size.y);
-                    ScaleNearestNeighbor();
-                }
-            } else if constexpr(Rotating) {
-                if(oldScale.size.x != this->scaled.size.x || oldScale.size.y != this->scaled.size.y) {
-                    this->buffer.resize(this->scaled.size.x * this->scaled.size.y);
-                    ScaleRotating();
-                }
-            } else {
-                if(oldScale.size.x != this->scaled.size.x || oldScale.size.y != this->scaled.size.y) {
-                    this->buffer.resize(this->scaled.size.x * this->scaled.size.y);
-                }
-            }
-            for(Transform2D* child : this->children) {
-                child->UpdatePosition(window, *this);
-            }
-        }
-
-        std::vector<std::string_view> ResizeText(RendertargetBase& window, Transform2D& parent, const std::string_view text, float& size, Font& font, TextOverflowMode overflowMode = TextOverflowMode::Clip, TextScaleMode scaleMode = TextScaleMode::None) {
-            float scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&font.font, size);
-            int baseline = (int)(font.ascent * scale);
-            
-            std::vector<std::string_view> lines;
-            std::string_view remaining = text;
-
-            std::uint32_t lineHeight = (font.ascent - font.descent) * scale;
-            
-            if(overflowMode == TextOverflowMode::Clip) {
-                while (!remaining.empty()) {
-                    // Find next newline or end of string
-                    auto newlinePos = remaining.find('\n');
-                    if (newlinePos != std::string_view::npos) {
-                        lines.emplace_back(remaining.substr(0, newlinePos));
-                        remaining = remaining.substr(newlinePos + 1);
-                    } else {
-                        lines.emplace_back(remaining);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-                std::uint32_t maxWidth = 0;
-
-                for(const std::string_view line: lines) {
-                    std::uint32_t lineWidth = 0;
-                    for (const char c : line) {
-                        int advance, lsb;
-                        stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font.font, c, &advance, &lsb);
-                        lineWidth += (int)(advance * scale);
-                    }
-                    if(lineWidth > maxWidth) {
-                        maxWidth = lineWidth;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if(scaleMode == TextScaleMode::Element) {
-                    std::int32_t logicalPerPixelY = this->anchor.height / this->scaled.size.y;
-                    std::int32_t oldHeight = this->anchor.height;
-                    std::int32_t logicalPerPixelX = this->anchor.width / this->scaled.size.x;
-                    std::int32_t oldwidth = this->anchor.width;
-                    this->anchor.height = lineHeight * logicalPerPixelY;
-                    this->anchor.width = maxWidth * logicalPerPixelX;
-                    if(oldHeight != this->anchor.height || oldwidth != this->anchor.width) {
-                        UpdatePosition(window, parent);
-                    }
-                } else if(scaleMode == TextScaleMode::Font) {
-                    float lineHeightPerFont = lineHeight / size;
-                    float lineWidthPerFont = maxWidth / size;
-                    
-                    float maxFontHeight = this->scaled.size.y / lineHeightPerFont;
-                    float maxFontWidth = this->scaled.size.x / lineWidthPerFont;
-
-                    size = std::min(maxFontHeight, maxFontWidth);
-                } else {
-                    if constexpr(Scaling) {
-                        lines.resize(ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferHeight / lines.size());
-                    } else {
-                        lines.resize(this->scaled.size.y / lines.size());
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                while (!remaining.empty()) {
-                    std::string_view line;
-                    auto newlinePos = remaining.find('\n');
-                    if (newlinePos != std::string_view::npos) {
-                        line = remaining.substr(0, newlinePos);
-                        remaining = remaining.substr(newlinePos + 1);
-                    } else {
-                        line = remaining;
-                        remaining = "";
-                    }
-
-                    std::uint32_t lineWidth = 0;
-                    std::size_t lastWrapPos = 0; // position of last space that can be used to wrap
-                    std::size_t startPos = 0;
-
-                    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < line.size(); ++i) {
-                        char c = line[i];
-
-                        // get width of this character
-                        int advance, lsb;
-                        stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font.font, c, &advance, &lsb);
-                        lineWidth += (std::uint32_t)(advance * scale);
-
-                        // remember last space for wrapping
-                        if (c == ' ') {
-                            lastWrapPos = i;
-                        }
-
-                        // if line exceeds width, wrap
-                        if (lineWidth > this->scaled.size.x) {
-                            std::size_t wrapPos;
-                            if (lastWrapPos > startPos) {
-                                wrapPos = lastWrapPos; // wrap at last space
-                            } else {
-                                wrapPos = i; // no space, hard wrap
-                            }
-
-                            // push the line up to wrapPos
-                            lines.push_back(line.substr(startPos, wrapPos - startPos));
-
-                            // skip any spaces at the beginning of next line
-                            startPos = wrapPos;
-                            while (startPos < line.size() && line[startPos] == ' ') {
-                                ++startPos;
-                            }
-
-                            // reset width and i
-                            lineWidth = 0;
-                            i = startPos - 1; // -1 because loop will increment i
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    // add the remaining part of the line
-                    if (startPos < line.size()) {
-                        lines.push_back(line.substr(startPos));
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if(scaleMode == TextScaleMode::Element) {
-                    float logicalPerPixelY = this->anchor.height / this->scaled.size.y;
-                    float oldHeight = this->anchor.height;
-                    this->anchor.height = lineHeight * logicalPerPixelY;
-                    if(oldHeight != this->anchor.height) {
-                        UpdatePosition(window, parent);
-                    }
-                } else if(scaleMode == TextScaleMode::Font) {
-                    float lineHeightPerFont = lineHeight / size;
-                    size = this->scaled.size.y / lineHeightPerFont;
-                } else {
-                    if constexpr(Scaling) {
-                        lines.resize(ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferHeight / lines.size());
-                    } else {
-                        lines.resize(this->scaled.size.y / lines.size());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            return lines;
-        }
-
-        int utf8_decode(const char* s, int* bytes_consumed) {
-            unsigned char c = s[0];
-            if (c < 0x80) {
-                *bytes_consumed = 1;
-                return c;
-            } else if ((c & 0xE0) == 0xC0) {
-                *bytes_consumed = 2;
-                return ((c & 0x1F) << 6) | (s[1] & 0x3F);
-            } else if ((c & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {
-                *bytes_consumed = 3;
-                return ((c & 0x0F) << 12) | ((s[1] & 0x3F) << 6) | (s[2] & 0x3F);
-            } else if ((c & 0xF8) == 0xF0) {
-                *bytes_consumed = 4;
-                return ((c & 0x07) << 18) | ((s[1] & 0x3F) << 12) | ((s[2] & 0x3F) << 6) | (s[3] & 0x3F);
-            }
-            *bytes_consumed = 1;
-            return 0xFFFD; // replacement char
-        }
-        
-        void RenderText(std::span<const std::string_view> lines, float size, Vector<T, 4> color, Font& font, TextAlignment alignment = TextAlignment::Left, std::uint32_t offsetX = 0, std::uint32_t offsetY = 0, OpaqueType opaque = OpaqueType::FullyOpaque) {     
-            float scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&font.font, size);
-            int baseline = (int)(font.ascent * scale);
-            std::uint32_t lineHeight = (font.ascent - font.descent) * scale;
-            std::uint32_t currentY = baseline;
-            for(std::string_view line : lines) {
-
-                std::uint32_t lineWidth = 0;
-                for (const char c : line) {
-                    int advance, lsb;
-                    stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font.font, c, &advance, &lsb);
-                    lineWidth += (int)(advance * scale);
-                }
-
-                std::uint32_t x = 0;
-                switch (alignment) {
-                    case TextAlignment::Left:
-                        x = 0;
-                        break;
-                    case TextAlignment::Center:
-                        x = (this->scaled.size.x - lineWidth) / 2;
-                        break;
-                    case TextAlignment::Right:
-                        x = this->scaled.size.x - lineWidth;
-                        break;
-                }
-
-                const char* p = line.data();
-                const char* end = p + line.size();
-
-               while (p < end) {
-                    int bytes;
-                    int codepoint = utf8_decode(p, &bytes);
-                    p += bytes;
-                    
-                    int ax;
-                    int lsb;
-                    stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font.font, codepoint, &ax, &lsb);
-
-                    int c_x1, c_y1, c_x2, c_y2;
-                    stbtt_GetCodepointBitmapBox(&font.font, codepoint, scale, scale, &c_x1, &c_y1, &c_x2, &c_y2);
-
-                    int w = c_x2 - c_x1;
-                    int h = c_y2 - c_y1;
-
-                    std::vector<unsigned char> bitmap(w * h);
-                    stbtt_MakeCodepointBitmap(&font.font, bitmap.data(), w, h, w, scale, scale, codepoint);
-
-                    // Only render characters that fit within the scaled bounds
-                    switch(opaque) {
-                        case OpaqueType::FullyOpaque: {
-                            for (int j = 0; j < h; j++) {
-                                for (int i = 0; i < w; i++) {
-                                    int bufferX = x + i + c_x1 + offsetX;
-                                    int bufferY = currentY + j + c_y1 + offsetY;
-                                    
-                                    // Only draw pixels that are within our scaled buffer bounds
-                                    if constexpr(Scaling) {
-                                        if (bufferX >= 0 && bufferX < ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferWidth && bufferY >= 0 && bufferY < ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferHeight) {
-                                            ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::scalingBuffer[bufferY * ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferWidth + bufferX] = {color.r, color.g, color.b, static_cast<T>(bitmap[j * w + i])};
-                                        }
-                                    } else {
-                                        if (bufferX >= 0 && bufferX < (int)this->scaled.size.x && bufferY >= 0 && bufferY < (int)this->scaled.size.y) {
-                                            this->buffer[bufferY * this->scaled.size.x + bufferX] = {color.r, color.g, color.b, static_cast<T>(bitmap[j * w + i])};
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        case OpaqueType::SemiOpaque:
-                        case OpaqueType::Transparent: {
-                            for (int j = 0; j < h; j++) {
-                                for (int i = 0; i < w; i++) {
-                                    int bufferX = x + i + c_x1 + offsetX;
-                                    int bufferY = currentY + j + c_y1 + offsetY;
-                                    
-                                    // Only draw pixels that are within our scaled buffer bounds
-                                    if constexpr(Scaling) {
-                                        if (bufferX >= 0 && bufferX < ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferWidth && bufferY >= 0 && bufferY < ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferHeight) {
-                                            ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::scalingBuffer[bufferY * ScalingBase<T, true, Owning, Alignment>::bufferWidth + bufferX] = {color.r, color.g, color.b, static_cast<T>(bitmap[j * w + i])};
-                                        }
-                                    } else {
-                                        if (bufferX >= 0 && bufferX < (int)this->scaled.size.x && bufferY >= 0 && bufferY < (int)this->scaled.size.y) {
-                                            if constexpr(std::same_as<T, std::uint8_t>) {
-                                                std::uint8_t alpha = bitmap[j * w + i];
-
-                                                Vector<T, 4, Alignment> dst = this->buffer[bufferY * this->scaled.size.x + bufferX];
-                                            
-                                                float srcA = (alpha / 255.0f) * (color.a / 255.0f);
-                                                float dstA = dst.a / 255.0f;
-
-                                                float oneMinusSrcA = 1.0f - color.a;
-
-                                                float outA = srcA + dstA * (1.0f - srcA);
-                                                this->buffer[bufferY * this->scaled.size.x + bufferX] = Vector<std::uint8_t, 4, Alignment>(
-                                                    static_cast<std::uint8_t>((color.r * srcA + dst.r * dstA * (1.0f - srcA)) / outA),
-                                                    static_cast<std::uint8_t>((color.g * srcA + dst.g * dstA * (1.0f - srcA)) / outA),
-                                                    static_cast<std::uint8_t>((color.b * srcA + dst.b * dstA * (1.0f - srcA)) / outA),
-                                                    static_cast<std::uint8_t>(outA * 255)
-                                                );
-                                            } else if constexpr(std::same_as<T, _Float16>) {
-                                                std::uint8_t alpha = bitmap[j * w + i];
-                                                _Float16 srcA = (_Float16(alpha)/_Float16(255.0f))*color.a;
-                                                Vector<_Float16, 4, Alignment> dst = this->buffer[bufferY * this->scaled.size.x + bufferX];
-
-                                                _Float16 outA = srcA + dst.a * (1.0f - srcA);
-                                                this->buffer[bufferY * this->scaled.size.x + bufferX] = Vector<_Float16, 4, Alignment>(
-                                                    (color.r * srcA + dst.r * dst.a * (1.0f - srcA)),
-                                                    (color.g * srcA + dst.g * dst.a * (1.0f - srcA)),
-                                                    (color.b * srcA + dst.b * dst.a * (1.0f - srcA)),
-                                                    outA
-                                                );
-                                            }
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    x += (int)(ax * scale);
-
-                    if (p + 1 < end) {
-                        int next;
-                        x += (int)stbtt_GetGlyphKernAdvance(&font.font, codepoint, utf8_decode(p+1, &next));
-                    }
-                }
-                currentY += lineHeight;
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RenderingElement2DBase.cppm

@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
-/*
-Crafter®.Graphics
-Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
-catcrafts.net
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
-
-This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
-*/
-
-export module Crafter.Graphics:RenderingElement2DBase;
-import Crafter.Asset;
-import Crafter.Math;
-import std;
-import :Transform2D;
-
-export namespace Crafter {
-    enum class TextAlignment {
-        Left,
-        Center,
-        Right
-    };
-
-    enum class TextVerticalAlignment {
-        Top,
-        Center,
-        Bottom
-    };
-
-    enum class TextOverflowMode {
-        Clip,
-        Wrap
-    };
-
-    enum class TextScaleMode {
-        None,
-        Font, 
-        Element,
-        Buffer
-    };
-
-    template<typename T, std::uint8_t Alignment = 0>
-    struct RenderElement2DScalingOwning {
-        std::vector<Vector<T, 4, Alignment>> scalingBuffer;
-        std::uint32_t bufferWidth;
-        std::uint32_t bufferHeight;
-        RenderElement2DScalingOwning() = default;
-        RenderElement2DScalingOwning(std::uint32_t bufferWidth, std::uint32_t bufferHeight) : scalingBuffer(bufferWidth*bufferHeight), bufferWidth(bufferWidth), bufferHeight(bufferHeight) {
-            
-        }
-    };
-
-    template<typename T, std::uint8_t Alignment = 0>
-    struct RenderElement2DScalingNonOwning {
-        Vector<T, 4, Alignment>* scalingBuffer;
-        std::uint32_t bufferWidth;
-        std::uint32_t bufferHeight;
-        RenderElement2DScalingNonOwning() = default;
-        RenderElement2DScalingNonOwning(Vector<T, 4, Alignment>* scalingBuffer, std::uint32_t bufferWidth, std::uint32_t bufferHeight) : scalingBuffer(scalingBuffer), bufferWidth(bufferWidth), bufferHeight(bufferHeight) {
-            
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct RenderElement2DRotating {
-        float rotation;
-        RenderElement2DRotating() = default;
-        RenderElement2DRotating(float rotation) : rotation(rotation) {
-
-        }
-    };
-
-
-    struct EmptyScalingBase {};
-    struct EmptyRotatingBase {};
-
-    template<typename T, bool Scaling, bool Owning, std::uint8_t Alignment = 0>
-    using ScalingBase =
-        std::conditional_t<
-            Scaling,
-            std::conditional_t<Owning,
-                RenderElement2DScalingOwning<T, Alignment>,
-                RenderElement2DScalingNonOwning<T, Alignment>>,
-            EmptyScalingBase
-        >;
-
-    template<bool Rotating>
-    using RotatingBase =
-        std::conditional_t<
-            Rotating,
-            RenderElement2DRotating,
-            EmptyRotatingBase
-        >;
-
-    template<typename T, std::uint8_t Frames = 1>
-    struct RenderingElement2DBase : Transform2D  {
-        ScaleData2D oldScale[Frames];
-        bool redraw[Frames];
-        std::vector<Vector<T, 4, 4>> buffer;
-        OpaqueType opaque;
-        RenderingElement2DBase(Anchor2D anchor) : Transform2D(anchor) {
-            for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Frames; i++) {
-                this->scaled.size.x = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        RenderingElement2DBase(Anchor2D anchor, OpaqueType opaque) : Transform2D(anchor), opaque(opaque) {
-            for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Frames; i++) {
-                this->scaled.size.x = 0;
-            }
-        }
-        void Redraw() {
-            for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Frames; i++) {
-                redraw[i] = true;
-            }
-        }
-        void CopyNearestNeighbor(Vector<T, 4>* dst, std::uint16_t dstSizeX, std::uint16_t dstScaledSizeX, std::uint16_t dstScaledSizeY, std::uint16_t offsetX, std::uint16_t offsetY) {
-            for (std::uint16_t y = 0; y < dstScaledSizeY; y++) {
-                std::uint16_t srcY = y * scaled.size.y / dstScaledSizeY;
-                std::uint16_t dstY = y + offsetY;
-                for (std::uint16_t x = 0; x < dstScaledSizeX; x++) {
-                    std::uint16_t srcX = x * scaled.size.x / dstScaledSizeX;
-                    std::uint16_t dstX = x + offsetX;
-                    dst[dstY * dstSizeX + dstX] = buffer[srcY * this->scaled.size.x + srcX];
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RenderingElement2DVulkan.cppm

@@ -1,477 +0,0 @@
-/*
-Crafter®.Graphics
-Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
-catcrafts.net
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
-
-This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
-*/
-
-module;
-#include "../lib/stb_truetype.h"
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
-#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
-#endif
-export module Crafter.Graphics:RenderingElement2DVulkan;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
-import Crafter.Asset;
-import std;
-import :Transform2D;
-import :VulkanBuffer;
-import :Types;
-import :Window;
-import :DescriptorHeapVulkan;
-import :Font;
-
-export namespace Crafter {
-    struct RenderingElement2DVulkanBase : Transform2D {
-        std::uint16_t index;
-        std::uint16_t bufferX;
-        std::uint16_t bufferY;
-        std::array<VulkanBufferBase*, Window::numFrames> buffers;
-        RenderingElement2DVulkanBase(Anchor2D anchor) : Transform2D(anchor) {
-
-        }
-        RenderingElement2DVulkanBase(Anchor2D anchor, std::uint16_t bufferX, std::uint16_t bufferY) : bufferX(bufferX), bufferY(bufferY), Transform2D(anchor) {
-
-        }
-        RenderingElement2DVulkanBase(Anchor2D anchor, std::uint16_t bufferX, std::uint16_t bufferY, std::array<VulkanBufferBase*, Window::numFrames>&& buffers) : bufferX(bufferX), bufferY(bufferY), buffers(std::move(buffers)), Transform2D(anchor) {
-
-        }
-    };
-
-    template<bool Owning, bool Mapped, bool Single = false>
-    struct RenderingElement2DVulkan : RenderingElement2DVulkanBase {
-        RenderingElement2DVulkan(Anchor2D anchor) : RenderingElement2DVulkanBase(anchor) {
-
-        }
-        RenderingElement2DVulkan(Anchor2D anchor, RendertargetBase& target, Transform2D& parent) requires(Owning) : RenderingElement2DVulkanBase(anchor) {
-            GetScale(target, parent);
-            this->bufferX = this->scaled.size.x;
-            this->bufferY = this->scaled.size.y;
-            if(Single) {
-                buffers[0] = new VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>(); 
-                static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[0])->Create(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, bufferX * bufferY);
-                for(std::uint8_t i = 1; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-                    buffers[i] = buffers[0]; 
-                }
-            } else {
-                for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-                    buffers[i] = new VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>(); 
-                    static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[i])->Create(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, bufferX * bufferY);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        RenderingElement2DVulkan(Anchor2D anchor, std::uint16_t bufferX, std::uint16_t bufferY) requires(Owning) : RenderingElement2DVulkanBase(anchor, bufferX, bufferY) {
-            if constexpr(Single) {
-                buffers[0] = new VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>(); 
-                static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[0])->Create(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, bufferX * bufferY);
-                for(std::uint8_t i = 1; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-                    buffers[i] = buffers[0]; 
-                }
-            } else {
-                for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-                    buffers[i] = new VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>(); 
-                    static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[i])->Create(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, bufferX * bufferY);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        RenderingElement2DVulkan(Anchor2D anchor, std::uint16_t bufferX, std::uint16_t bufferY, std::array<VulkanBufferBase*, Window::numFrames>&& buffers) requires(!Owning) : RenderingElement2DVulkanBase(anchor, bufferX, bufferY, std::move(buffers)) {
-
-        }
-
-        RenderingElement2DVulkan(Anchor2D anchor, const std::filesystem::path& assetPath) requires(Owning && Mapped) : RenderingElement2DVulkanBase(anchor) {
-            TextureAssetInfo info = TextureAsset<_Float16>::LoadInfo(assetPath);
-            this->bufferX = info.sizeX;
-            this->bufferY = info.sizeY;
-            if constexpr(Single) {
-                buffers[0] = new VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>(); 
-                static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[0])->Create(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, bufferX * bufferY);
-                for(std::uint8_t i = 1; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-                    buffers[i] = buffers[0]; 
-                }
-                TextureAsset<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>>::Load(assetPath, static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[0])->value, this->bufferX, this->bufferY);
-            } else {
-                for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-                    buffers[i] = new VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>(); 
-                    static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[i])->Create(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, bufferX * bufferY);
-                }
-                TextureAsset<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>>::Load(assetPath, static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[0])->value, this->bufferX, this->bufferY);
-                for(std::uint8_t i = 1; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-                    std::memcpy(static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[i])->value, static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[0])->value, this->bufferX * this->bufferY * sizeof(_Float16));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        ~RenderingElement2DVulkan() {
-            if constexpr(Owning) {
-                if constexpr(Single) {
-                    delete static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[0]);
-                } else {
-                    for(VulkanBufferBase* buffer : buffers) {
-                        delete static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffer);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    
-        RenderingElement2DVulkan(RenderingElement2DVulkan&) = delete;
-        RenderingElement2DVulkan& operator=(RenderingElement2DVulkan&) = delete;
-
-        void CreateBuffer(std::uint16_t bufferX, std::uint16_t bufferY) requires(Owning) {
-            this->bufferX = this->scaled.size.x;
-            this->bufferY = this->scaled.size.y;
-            if constexpr(Single) {
-                buffers[0] = new VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>(); 
-                static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[0])->Create(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, bufferX * bufferY);
-                for(std::uint8_t i = 1; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-                    buffers[i] = buffers[0]; 
-                }
-            } else {
-                for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-                    buffers[i] = new VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>(); 
-                    static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[i])->Create(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, bufferX * bufferY);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        void ResizeBuffer(RendertargetVulkan& window, DescriptorHeapVulkan& descriptorHeap, std::uint16_t bufferOffset, std::uint16_t bufferX, std::uint16_t bufferY) requires(Owning) {
-            if constexpr(Single) {
-                static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffers[0])->Resize(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, bufferX * bufferY);
-            } else {
-                for(VulkanBufferBase* buffer : buffers) {
-                    delete static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, Mapped>*>(buffer)->Resize(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_2_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT, bufferX * bufferY);
-                }
-            }
-            this->bufferX = bufferX;
-            this->bufferY = bufferY;
-            for(std::uint8_t frame = 0; frame < Window::numFrames; frame++) {
-                RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo* val = reinterpret_cast<RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(window.transformBuffer[frame].value) + sizeof(RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo));
-                val[index].bufferX = this->bufferX;
-                val[index].bufferY = this->bufferY;
-                window.transformBuffer[frame].FlushDevice();
-            }
-
-            VkHostAddressRangeEXT ranges[3] = {
-                {
-                    .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[0].value + bufferOffset + Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize * index,
-                    .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize
-                },
-                {
-                    .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[1].value + bufferOffset + Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize * index,
-                    .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize
-                },
-                {
-                    .address = descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[2].value + bufferOffset + Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize * index,
-                    .size = Device::descriptorHeapProperties.bufferDescriptorSize
-                },
-            };
-
-            VkDeviceAddressRangeKHR bufferRanges[3] {
-                {
-                    .address = buffers[0]->address,
-                    .size = buffers[0]->size
-                },
-                {
-                    .address = buffers[1]->address,
-                    .size = buffers[1]->size
-                },
-                {
-                    .address = buffers[2]->address,
-                    .size = buffers[2]->size
-                },
-            };
-
-            VkResourceDescriptorInfoEXT infos[3] = {
-                {
-                    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-                    .type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
-                    .data = { .pAddressRange = &bufferRanges[0]}
-                },
-                {
-                    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-                    .type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
-                    .data = { .pAddressRange = &bufferRanges[1]}
-                },
-                {
-                    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR_INFO_EXT,
-                    .type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
-                    .data = { .pAddressRange = &bufferRanges[2]}
-                },
-            };
-
-            Device::vkWriteResourceDescriptorsEXT(Device::device, 3, infos, ranges);
-            for(std::uint8_t i = 0; i < Window::numFrames; i++) {
-                descriptorHeap.resourceHeap[i].FlushDevice();
-            }
-        }
-
-        void UpdatePosition(RendertargetBase& window2, Transform2D& parent) override {
-            RendertargetVulkan& window = static_cast<RendertargetVulkan&>(window2);
-            this->ScaleElement(parent);
-            RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo* val = reinterpret_cast<RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(window.transformBuffer[window.frame].value) + sizeof(RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo));
-            val[index].scaled =  this->scaled;
-            for(Transform2D* child : this->children) {
-                child->UpdatePosition(window, *this);
-            }
-        }
-
-        void GetScale(RendertargetBase& window, Transform2D& parent) {
-            this->ScaleElement(parent);
-            for(Transform2D* child : this->children) {
-                child->UpdatePosition(window, *this);
-            }
-        }
-
-        int utf8_decode(const char* s, int* bytes_consumed) {
-            unsigned char c = s[0];
-            if (c < 0x80) {
-                *bytes_consumed = 1;
-                return c;
-            } else if ((c & 0xE0) == 0xC0) {
-                *bytes_consumed = 2;
-                return ((c & 0x1F) << 6) | (s[1] & 0x3F);
-            } else if ((c & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {
-                *bytes_consumed = 3;
-                return ((c & 0x0F) << 12) | ((s[1] & 0x3F) << 6) | (s[2] & 0x3F);
-            } else if ((c & 0xF8) == 0xF0) {
-                *bytes_consumed = 4;
-                return ((c & 0x07) << 18) | ((s[1] & 0x3F) << 12) | ((s[2] & 0x3F) << 6) | (s[3] & 0x3F);
-            }
-            *bytes_consumed = 1;
-            return 0xFFFD; // replacement char
-        }
-        
-        void RenderText(std::span<const std::string_view> lines, float size, Vector<_Float16, 4> color, Font& font, TextAlignment alignment = TextAlignment::Left, std::uint32_t offsetX = 0, std::uint32_t offsetY = 0, OpaqueType opaque = OpaqueType::FullyOpaque) requires(Mapped) {     
-            float scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&font.font, size);
-            int baseline = (int)(font.ascent * scale);
-            std::uint32_t lineHeight = (font.ascent - font.descent) * scale;
-            std::uint32_t currentY = baseline;
-            for(std::string_view line : lines) {
-
-                std::uint32_t lineWidth = 0;
-                for (const char c : line) {
-                    int advance, lsb;
-                    stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font.font, c, &advance, &lsb);
-                    lineWidth += (int)(advance * scale);
-                }
-
-                std::uint32_t x = 0;
-                switch (alignment) {
-                    case TextAlignment::Left:
-                        x = 0;
-                        break;
-                    case TextAlignment::Center:
-                        x = (this->scaled.size.x - lineWidth) / 2;
-                        break;
-                    case TextAlignment::Right:
-                        x = this->scaled.size.x - lineWidth;
-                        break;
-                }
-
-                const char* p = line.data();
-                const char* end = p + line.size();
-
-               while (p < end) {
-                    int bytes;
-                    int codepoint = utf8_decode(p, &bytes);
-                    p += bytes;
-                    
-                    int ax;
-                    int lsb;
-                    stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font.font, codepoint, &ax, &lsb);
-
-                    int c_x1, c_y1, c_x2, c_y2;
-                    stbtt_GetCodepointBitmapBox(&font.font, codepoint, scale, scale, &c_x1, &c_y1, &c_x2, &c_y2);
-
-                    int w = c_x2 - c_x1;
-                    int h = c_y2 - c_y1;
-
-                    std::vector<unsigned char> bitmap(w * h);
-                    stbtt_MakeCodepointBitmap(&font.font, bitmap.data(), w, h, w, scale, scale, codepoint);
-
-                    // Only render characters that fit within the scaled bounds
-                    switch(opaque) {
-                        case OpaqueType::FullyOpaque: {
-                            for (int j = 0; j < h; j++) {
-                                for (int i = 0; i < w; i++) {
-                                    int bufferX = x + i + c_x1 + offsetX;
-                                    int bufferY = currentY + j + c_y1 + offsetY;
-                                    
-                                    if (bufferX >= 0 && bufferX < (int)this->bufferX && bufferY >= 0 && bufferY < (int)this->bufferY) {
-                                        for(std::uint8_t frame = 0; frame < Window::numFrames; frame++) {
-                                            static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, true>*>(buffers[frame])->value[bufferY * this->bufferX + bufferX] = {color.r, color.g, color.b, static_cast<_Float16>(bitmap[j * w + i])};
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        case OpaqueType::SemiOpaque:
-                        case OpaqueType::Transparent: {
-                            for (int j = 0; j < h; j++) {
-                                for (int i = 0; i < w; i++) {
-                                    int bufferX = x + i + c_x1 + offsetX;
-                                    int bufferY = currentY + j + c_y1 + offsetY;
-                                    
-                                    if (bufferX >= 0 && bufferX < (int)this->bufferX && bufferY >= 0 && bufferY < (int)this->bufferY) {
-                                        std::uint8_t alpha = bitmap[j * w + i];
-                                        _Float16 srcA = (_Float16(alpha)/_Float16(255.0f))*color.a;
-                                        for(std::uint8_t frame = 0; frame < Window::numFrames; frame++) {
-                                            Vector<_Float16, 4, 4> dst = static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, true>*>(buffers[frame])->value[bufferY * this->bufferX + bufferX];
-
-                                            _Float16 outA = srcA + dst.a * (1.0f - srcA);
-                                            static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, true>*>(buffers[frame])->value[bufferY * this->bufferX + bufferX] = Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>(
-                                                (color.r * srcA + dst.r * dst.a * (1.0f - srcA)),
-                                                (color.g * srcA + dst.g * dst.a * (1.0f - srcA)),
-                                                (color.b * srcA + dst.b * dst.a * (1.0f - srcA)),
-                                                outA
-                                            );
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    x += (int)(ax * scale);
-
-                    if (p + 1 < end) {
-                        int next;
-                        x += (int)stbtt_GetGlyphKernAdvance(&font.font, codepoint, utf8_decode(p+1, &next));
-                    }
-                }
-                currentY += lineHeight;
-            }
-        }
-
-        void RenderText(std::span<const std::string_view> lines, float size, Vector<_Float16, 4> color, Font& font, std::uint8_t frame, TextAlignment alignment = TextAlignment::Left, TextVerticalAlignment verticalAlignment = TextVerticalAlignment::Top, std::int32_t offsetX = 0, std::int32_t offsetY = 0, OpaqueType opaque = OpaqueType::FullyOpaque) requires(Mapped) {     
-            float scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&font.font, size);
-            int baseline = (int)(font.ascent * scale);
-            std::uint32_t lineHeight = (font.ascent - font.descent) * scale;
-            std::uint32_t currentY = baseline;
-
-            std::uint32_t ogOffsetX = offsetX;
-            std::uint32_t ogOffsetY = offsetY;
-
-            for(std::string_view line : lines) {
-                offsetX = ogOffsetX;
-                offsetY = ogOffsetY;
-                
-                std::int32_t lineWidth = 0;
-                for (const char c : line) {
-                    int advance, lsb;
-                    stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font.font, c, &advance, &lsb);
-                    lineWidth += (int)(advance * scale);
-                }
-
-                switch (alignment) {
-                    case TextAlignment::Left:
-                        break;
-                    case TextAlignment::Center:
-                        offsetX -= lineWidth / 2;
-                        break;
-                    case TextAlignment::Right:
-                        offsetX -= lineWidth;
-                        break;
-                }
-
-                switch (verticalAlignment) {
-                    case TextVerticalAlignment::Top:
-                        break;
-                    case TextVerticalAlignment::Center:
-                        offsetY += (lineHeight / 2) - (size);
-                        break;
-                    case TextVerticalAlignment::Bottom:
-                        offsetY += lineHeight;
-                        break;
-                }
-
-                const char* p = line.data();
-                const char* end = p + line.size();
-
-               while (p < end) {
-                    int bytes;
-                    int codepoint = utf8_decode(p, &bytes);
-                    p += bytes;
-                    
-                    int ax;
-                    int lsb;
-                    stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&font.font, codepoint, &ax, &lsb);
-
-                    int c_x1, c_y1, c_x2, c_y2;
-                    stbtt_GetCodepointBitmapBox(&font.font, codepoint, scale, scale, &c_x1, &c_y1, &c_x2, &c_y2);
-
-                    int w = c_x2 - c_x1;
-                    int h = c_y2 - c_y1;
-
-                    std::vector<unsigned char> bitmap(w * h);
-                    stbtt_MakeCodepointBitmap(&font.font, bitmap.data(), w, h, w, scale, scale, codepoint);
-
-                    // Only render characters that fit within the scaled bounds
-                    switch(opaque) {
-                        case OpaqueType::FullyOpaque: {
-                            for (int j = 0; j < h; j++) {
-                                for (int i = 0; i < w; i++) {
-                                    int bufferX = offsetX + i + c_x1;
-                                    int bufferY = currentY + j + c_y1 + offsetY;
-                                    
-                                    if (bufferX >= 0 && bufferX < (int)this->bufferX && bufferY >= 0 && bufferY < (int)this->bufferY) {
-                                        static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, true>*>(buffers[frame])->value[bufferY * this->bufferX + bufferX] = {color.r, color.g, color.b, static_cast<_Float16>(bitmap[j * w + i])};
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        case OpaqueType::SemiOpaque:
-                        case OpaqueType::Transparent: {
-                            for (int j = 0; j < h; j++) {
-                                for (int i = 0; i < w; i++) {
-                                    int bufferX = offsetX + i + c_x1;
-                                    int bufferY = currentY + j + c_y1 + offsetY;
-                                    
-                                    if (bufferX >= 0 && bufferX < (int)this->bufferX && bufferY >= 0 && bufferY < (int)this->bufferY) {
-                                        std::uint8_t alpha = bitmap[j * w + i];
-                                        _Float16 srcA = (_Float16(alpha)/_Float16(255.0f))*color.a;
-                                        Vector<_Float16, 4, 4> dst = static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, true>*>(buffers[frame])->value[bufferY * this->bufferX + bufferX];
-
-                                        _Float16 outA = srcA + dst.a * (1.0f - srcA);
-                                        static_cast<VulkanBuffer<Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>, true>*>(buffers[frame])->value[bufferY * this->bufferX + bufferX] = Vector<_Float16, 4, 4>(
-                                            (color.r * srcA + dst.r * dst.a * (1.0f - srcA)),
-                                            (color.g * srcA + dst.g * dst.a * (1.0f - srcA)),
-                                            (color.b * srcA + dst.b * dst.a * (1.0f - srcA)),
-                                            outA
-                                        );
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    offsetX += (int)(ax * scale);
-
-                    if (p + 1 < end) {
-                        int next;
-                        offsetX += (int)stbtt_GetGlyphKernAdvance(&font.font, codepoint, utf8_decode(p+1, &next));
-                    }
-                }
-                currentY += lineHeight;
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-#endif

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RenderingElement3D.cppm

@@ -18,11 +18,8 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
 
 module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 export module Crafter.Graphics:RenderingElement3D;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 import std;
 import :Mesh;
 import :VulkanBuffer;
@@ -45,5 +42,4 @@ export namespace Crafter {
         inline static TlasWithBuffer tlases[Window::numFrames];
         static void BuildTLAS(VkCommandBuffer cmd, std::uint32_t index);
    };
-}
+}
-#endif

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Rendertarget.cppm

@@ -1,326 +0,0 @@
-/*
-Crafter®.Graphics
-Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
-catcrafts.net
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
-
-This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
-*/
-
-module;
-#include "../lib/stb_truetype.h"
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
-#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
-#endif
-export module Crafter.Graphics:Rendertarget;
-import Crafter.Math;
-import Crafter.Asset;
-import std;
-import :Types;
-import :Transform2D;
-import :RenderingElement2DBase;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
-import :Device;
-import :VulkanBuffer;
-#endif
-
-export namespace Crafter {
-    struct RendertargetBase {
-        #ifdef CRAFTER_TIMING
-        std::vector<std::tuple<const Transform*, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t, std::chrono::nanoseconds>> renderTimings;
-        #endif
-        Transform2D transform;
-        std::uint16_t sizeX;
-        std::uint16_t sizeY;
-        RendertargetBase() = default;
-        RendertargetBase(std::uint16_t sizeX, std::uint16_t sizeY) : sizeX(sizeX), sizeY(sizeY), transform({0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0}){
-            transform.scaled.size.x = sizeX;
-            transform.scaled.size.y = sizeY;
-            transform.scaled.position.x = 0;
-            transform.scaled.position.y = 0;
-        }
-    };
-    
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
-    struct RenderingElement2DVulkanBase;
-
-    struct __attribute__((packed)) RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo {
-        ScaleData2D scaled;     // 0 - 8 bytes
-        std::uint16_t bufferX;  // 8 - 2 bytes
-        std::uint16_t bufferY;  // 10 - 2 bytes
-        //12 bytes total;
-    };
-
-
-    struct DescriptorHeapVulkan;
-    struct RendertargetVulkan : RendertargetBase {
-        std::uint8_t frame;
-        std::vector<RenderingElement2DVulkanBase*> elements;
-        VulkanBuffer<RenderingElement2DVulkanTransformInfo, true> transformBuffer[3];
-
-        RendertargetVulkan() = default;
-        RendertargetVulkan(std::uint16_t sizeX, std::uint16_t sizeY);
-        void UpdateElements();
-        void CreateBuffer(std::uint8_t frame);
-        void ReorderBuffer(std::uint8_t frame);
-        void WriteDescriptors(std::span<VkResourceDescriptorInfoEXT> infos, std::span<VkHostAddressRangeEXT> ranges, std::uint16_t start, std::uint32_t bufferOffset, DescriptorHeapVulkan& descriptorHeap);
-        void SetOrderResursive(Transform2D* elementTransform);
-    };
-    #endif
-
-    template<typename T, std::uint8_t Channels, std::uint8_t Alignment, std::uint8_t Frames>
-    struct Rendertarget : RendertargetBase {
-        Vector<T, Channels, Alignment>* buffer[Frames];
-        Rendertarget() = default;
-        Rendertarget(std::uint16_t sizeX, std::uint16_t sizeY) : RendertargetBase(sizeX, sizeY) {
-
-        }
-        void RenderElement(Transform2D* elementTransform, std::uint8_t frame, std::vector<ClipRect>&& dirtyRects) {
-            RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>* element = dynamic_cast<RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>*>(elementTransform);
-            if(element) {
-                #ifdef CRAFTER_TIMING
-                auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
-                #endif
-
-                if(element->scaled.size.x < 1 || element->scaled.size.y < 1) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                
-                for(ClipRect dirty : dirtyRects) {
-                    dirty.left = std::uint16_t(std::max(element->scaled.position.x, std::int16_t(dirty.left)));
-                    dirty.top = std::uint16_t(std::max(element->scaled.position.y,std::int16_t(dirty.top)));
-                    dirty.right = std::min(std::uint16_t(element->scaled.position.x+element->scaled.size.x), dirty.right);
-                    dirty.bottom = std::min(std::uint16_t(element->scaled.position.y+element->scaled.size.y), dirty.bottom);
-
-                    if(dirty.right <= dirty.left || dirty.bottom <= dirty.top) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    const Vector<T, 4, 4>* src_buffer = element->buffer.data();
-                    std::uint16_t src_width = element->scaled.size.x;
-                    std::uint16_t src_height = element->scaled.size.y;
-                    
-                    switch (element->opaque) {
-                        case OpaqueType::FullyOpaque: {
-                           for (std::uint16_t y = dirty.top; y < dirty.bottom; y++) {
-                                std::uint16_t src_y = y - element->scaled.position.y;
-                                std::uint16_t src_x = dirty.left - element->scaled.position.x;
-                                std::memcpy(&this->buffer[frame][y * this->sizeX + dirty.left], &src_buffer[src_y * src_width + src_x], (dirty.right - dirty.left) * sizeof(Vector<T, Channels, Alignment>));
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        case OpaqueType::SemiOpaque:
-                        case OpaqueType::Transparent:
-                            if constexpr(std::same_as<T, _Float16>) {
-                                for (std::uint16_t y = dirty.top; y < dirty.bottom; y++) {
-                                    std::uint16_t src_y = y - element->scaled.position.y;
-                                    std::uint16_t pixel_width = dirty.right - dirty.left;
-
-                                    constexpr std::uint32_t simd_width = VectorF16<1, 1>::MaxElement / 4;
-                                    std::uint32_t rows = pixel_width / simd_width;
-
-                                    for (std::uint32_t x = 0; x < rows; x++) {
-                                        std::uint16_t px = dirty.left + x * simd_width;
-                                        std::uint16_t src_x = px - element->scaled.position.x;
-
-                                        VectorF16<4, simd_width> src(&src_buffer[src_y * src_width + src_x].v[0]);
-                                        VectorF16<4, simd_width> dst(&buffer[frame][y * this->sizeX + px].v[0]);
-                                        VectorF16<4, simd_width> oneMinusSrcA = VectorF16<4, simd_width>(1) - src.Shuffle<{{3, 3, 3, 3}}>();
-                                        VectorF16<4, simd_width> result = VectorF16<4, simd_width>::MulitplyAdd(dst, oneMinusSrcA, src);
-                                        result.Store(&buffer[frame][y * this->sizeX + px].v[0]);
-                                    }
-
-                                    std::uint32_t remainder = pixel_width - (rows * simd_width);
-                                    std::uint16_t remainder_start = dirty.left + rows * simd_width;
-
-                                    for (std::uint8_t x = 0; x < remainder; x++) {
-                                        std::uint16_t px = remainder_start + x;
-                                        std::uint16_t src_x = px - element->scaled.position.x;
-
-                                        Vector<T, Channels, Alignment> src = src_buffer[src_y * src_width + src_x];
-                                        Vector<T, Channels, Alignment> dst = buffer[frame][y * this->sizeX + px];
-                                        _Float16 oneMinusSrcA = (_Float16)1.0f - src.a;
-
-                                        buffer[frame][y * this->sizeX + px] = Vector<T, Channels, Alignment>(
-                                            src.r + dst.r * oneMinusSrcA,
-                                            src.g + dst.g * oneMinusSrcA,
-                                            src.b + dst.b * oneMinusSrcA,
-                                            src.a + dst.a * oneMinusSrcA
-                                        );
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                for (std::uint16_t y = dirty.top; y < dirty.bottom; y++) {
-                                    std::uint16_t src_y = y - element->scaled.position.y;
-                                    std::uint16_t src_x = dirty.left - element->scaled.position.x;
-                                    std::memcpy(&this->buffer[frame][y * this->sizeX + dirty.left], &src_buffer[src_y * src_width + src_x], (dirty.right - dirty.left) * sizeof(Vector<T, Channels, Alignment>));
-                                }
-                            }
-                            break;
-                    }
-                }
-                #ifdef CRAFTER_TIMING
-                auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
-                renderTimings.push_back({element, element->scaled.size.x, element->scaled.size.y, end-start});
-                #endif
-            }
-            std::sort(elementTransform->children.begin(), elementTransform->children.end(), [](Transform2D* a, Transform2D* b){ return a->anchor.z < b->anchor.z; });
-            for(Transform2D* child : elementTransform->children) {
-                this->RenderElement(child, frame, std::move(dirtyRects));
-            }
-        }
-
-        void AddOldRects(Transform2D* elementTransform, std::uint8_t frame, std::vector<ClipRect>& clipRects) {
-            RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>* element = dynamic_cast<RenderingElement2DBase<T, Frames>*>(elementTransform);
-            if(element) {
-                if(element->scaled.position.x != element->oldScale[frame].position.x || element->scaled.position.y != element->oldScale[frame].position.y || element->scaled.size.x != element->oldScale[frame].size.x || element->scaled.size.y != element->oldScale[frame].size.y || element->redraw[frame]) {
-                    clipRects.emplace_back(std::max(element->scaled.position.x, std::int16_t(0)), std::min(std::int16_t(element->scaled.position.x + element->scaled.size.x), std::int16_t(this->sizeX)), std::max(element->scaled.position.y, std::int16_t(0)), std::min(std::int16_t(element->scaled.position.y + element->scaled.size.y), std::int16_t(this->sizeY)));
-                    clipRects.emplace_back(std::max(element->oldScale[frame].position.x, std::int16_t(0)), std::min(std::int16_t(element->oldScale[frame].position.x + element->oldScale[frame].size.x), std::int16_t(this->sizeX)), std::max(element->oldScale[frame].position.y, std::int16_t(0)), std::min(std::int16_t(element->oldScale[frame].position.y + element->oldScale[frame].size.y), std::int16_t(this->sizeY)));
-                    element->oldScale[frame] = element->scaled;
-                    element->redraw[frame] = false;
-                } else if(element->redraw[frame]) {
-                    clipRects.emplace_back(std::max(element->scaled.position.x, std::int16_t(0)), std::min(std::int16_t(element->scaled.position.x + element->scaled.size.x), std::int16_t(this->sizeX)), std::max(element->scaled.position.y, std::int16_t(0)), std::min(std::int16_t(element->scaled.position.y + element->scaled.size.y), std::int16_t(this->sizeY)));
-                    element->oldScale[frame] = element->scaled;
-                    element->redraw[frame] = false;
-                }
-            }
-            for(Transform2D* child : elementTransform->children) {
-                AddOldRects(child, frame, clipRects);
-            }
-        }
-
-        bool Render(std::uint8_t frame) {
-	        std::sort(this->transform.children.begin(), this->transform.children.end(), [](Transform2D* a, Transform2D* b){ return a->anchor.z < b->anchor.z; });
-            std::vector<ClipRect> clipRects;
-            for(Transform2D* child : this->transform.children) {
-                AddOldRects(child, frame, clipRects);
-            }
-
-            //std::vector<ClipRect> newClip;
-            // for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < dirtyRects.size(); i++) {
-            // 	ClipRect rect = dirtyRects[i];
-            // 	for (std::uint32_t i2 = i + 1; i2 < dirtyRects.size(); i2++) {
-            // 		ClipRect existing = dirtyRects[i2];
-            // 		if(rect.bottom >= existing.top && rect.top <= existing.top) {
-            // 			newClip.push_back({
-            // 				.left = rect.left,
-            // 				.right = rect.right,
-            // 				.top = rect.top,
-            // 				.bottom = existing.top,
-            // 			});
-            // 			//-| shape
-            // 			if(rect.right > existing.right) {
-            // 				newClip.push_back({
-            // 					.left = existing.right,
-            // 					.right = rect.right,
-            // 					.top = existing.top,
-            // 					.bottom =  existing.bottom,
-            // 				});
-            // 			}
-            // 			//|- shape
-            // 			if(rect.left < existing.left) {
-            // 				newClip.push_back({
-            // 					.left = rect.left,
-            // 					.right = existing.left,
-            // 					.top = existing.top,
-            // 					.bottom =  existing.bottom,
-            // 				});
-            // 			}
-            // 			//-| or |- shape where rect extends further down
-            // 			if(rect.bottom > existing.bottom) {
-            // 				newClip.push_back({
-            // 					.left = rect.left,
-            // 					.right = rect.right,
-            // 					.top = existing.bottom,
-            // 					.bottom = rect.bottom,
-            // 				});
-            // 			}
-            // 			goto inner;
-            // 		}
-            // 		if (rect.left <= existing.right && rect.right >= existing.left) {
-            // 			newClip.push_back({
-            // 				.left = rect.left,
-            // 				.right = existing.left,
-            // 				.top = rect.top,
-            // 				.bottom = rect.bottom,
-            // 			});
-            // 			if (rect.right > existing.right) {
-            // 				newClip.push_back({
-            // 					.left = existing.right,
-            // 					.right = rect.right,
-            // 					.top = rect.top,
-            // 					.bottom = rect.bottom,
-            // 				});
-            // 			}
-            // 			goto inner;
-            // 		} 
-            // 	}
-            // 	newClip.push_back(rect);
-            // 	inner:;
-            // }
-
-            //dirtyRects = std::move(newClip);
-
-            // std::memset(buffer, 0, width*height*4);
-
-            // std::cout << dirtyRects.size() << std::endl;
-            // // Color palette
-            // static const std::vector<Vector<std::uint8_t, 4>> colors = {
-            //     {255,   0,   0, 255}, // red
-            //     {  0, 255,   0, 255}, // green
-            //     {  0,   0, 255, 255}, // blue
-            //     {255, 255,   0, 255}, // yellow
-            //     {255,   0, 255, 255}, // magenta
-            //     {  0, 255, 255, 255}, // cyan
-            // };
-
-            // std::size_t rectIndex = 0;
-
-            // for (const ClipRect& rect : dirtyRects) {
-            //     const Vector<std::uint8_t, 4>& color = colors[rectIndex % colors.size()];
-
-            //     std::cout << std::format(
-            //         "ClipRect {}: [{}, {}, {}, {}] Color = RGBA({}, {}, {}, {})",
-            //         rectIndex,
-            //         rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom,
-            //         color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a
-            //     ) << std::endl;
-
-            //     for (std::int32_t y = rect.top; y < rect.bottom; ++y) {
-            //         for (std::int32_t x = rect.left; x < rect.right; ++x) {
-            //             buffer[y * width + x] = color;
-            //         }
-            //     }
-
-            //     ++rectIndex;
-            // }
-
-            if (!clipRects.empty()) {
-                for (ClipRect rect : clipRects) {
-                    for (std::int32_t y = rect.top; y < rect.bottom; y++) {
-                        for (std::int32_t x = rect.left; x < rect.right; x++) {
-                            this->buffer[frame][y * this->sizeX + x] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                
-                for(Transform2D* child : this->transform.children) {
-                    RenderElement(child, frame, std::move(clipRects));
-                }
-                return true;
-            } else {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-SamplerVulkan.cppm

@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 
 module;
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 
 export module Crafter.Graphics:SamplerVulkan;
 import std;
@@ -29,7 +27,6 @@ import :VulkanBuffer;
 import :ImageVulkan;
 
 export namespace Crafter {
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
     template <typename PixelType>
     class SamplerVulkan {
     public:
@@ -60,5 +57,4 @@ export namespace Crafter {
             };
         }
     };
-    #endif
 }

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-ShaderBindingTableVulkan.cppm

@@ -18,11 +18,8 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
 
 module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 export module Crafter.Graphics:ShaderBindingTableVulkan;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 import std;
 import :Device;
 import :VulkanBuffer;
@@ -40,6 +37,4 @@ export namespace Crafter {
             }
         }
     };
-}
+}
-
-#endif

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-ShaderVulkan.cppm

@@ -18,11 +18,8 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
 
 module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 export module Crafter.Graphics:ShaderVulkan;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 import std;
 import :Device;
 import :Types;
@@ -62,6 +59,4 @@ export namespace Crafter {
             Device::CheckVkResult(vkCreateShaderModule(Device::device, &module_info, nullptr, &shader));
         }
     };
-}
+}
-
-#endif

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Transform2D.cppm

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-/*
-Crafter®.Graphics
-Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
-catcrafts.net
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
-
-This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
-*/
-
-export module Crafter.Graphics:Transform2D;
-import std;
-import :Types;
-import :ForwardDeclarations;
-
-export namespace Crafter {
-    struct Anchor2D {
-        float x;
-        float y;
-        float width;
-        float height;
-        float offsetX;
-        float offsetY;
-        std::uint8_t z;
-        bool maintainAspectRatio;
-        Anchor2D() = default;
-        Anchor2D(float x, float y, float width, float height, float offsetX, float offsetY, std::uint8_t z, bool maintainAspectRatio = false);
-    };
-
-    struct Transform2D {
-        Anchor2D anchor;
-        ScaleData2D scaled;
-        std::vector<Transform2D*> children;
-        Transform2D() = default;
-        Transform2D(Anchor2D anchor) : anchor(anchor) {
-
-        }
-        Transform2D(Transform2D&) = delete;
-        Transform2D(Transform2D&&) = delete;
-        Transform2D& operator=(Transform2D&) = delete;
-        virtual ~Transform2D() = default;
-
-        virtual void UpdatePosition(RendertargetBase& window, Transform2D& parent) {
-            ScaleElement(parent);
-            for(Transform2D* child : children) {
-                child->UpdatePosition(window, *this);
-            }
-        }
-
-        void ScaleElement(Transform2D& parent) {
-            if(anchor.maintainAspectRatio) {
-                if(parent.scaled.size.x > parent.scaled.size.y) {
-                    scaled.size.x = anchor.width * parent.scaled.size.y;
-                    scaled.size.y = anchor.height * parent.scaled.size.y;
-                } else {
-                    scaled.size.x = anchor.width * parent.scaled.size.x;
-                    scaled.size.y = anchor.height * parent.scaled.size.x;
-                }
-            } else {
-                scaled.size.x = anchor.width * parent.scaled.size.x;
-                scaled.size.y = anchor.height * parent.scaled.size.y;
-            }
-
-            scaled.position.x = parent.scaled.position.x + (anchor.x * parent.scaled.size.x - anchor.offsetX *  scaled.size.x);
-            scaled.position.y = parent.scaled.position.y + (anchor.y * parent.scaled.size.y - anchor.offsetY *  scaled.size.y);
-        }
-    };
-}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Types.cppm

@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
 module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 export module Crafter.Graphics:Types;
 import std;
 import Crafter.Math;
@@ -247,10 +245,8 @@ export namespace Crafter {
         return std::tan(fov * std::numbers::pi / 360.0);
     }
 
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
     struct DescriptorBinding {
         VkDescriptorType type;
         std::uint32_t slot;
     };
-    #endif
 }

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UI.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UI;
+
+export import :UILength;
+export import :UIWidget;
+export import :UILayout;
+export import :UIDrawList;
+export import :UIAtlas;
+export import :UIWidgets;
+export import :UITheme;
+export import :UIHit;
+export import :UIRenderer;
+export import :UIScene;

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIAtlas.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+module;
+#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UIAtlas;
+import std;
+import :Font;
+import :ImageVulkan;
+import :Device;
+
+export namespace Crafter::UI {
+    // Per-glyph metrics. UVs are 0..1 in atlas space; on-screen sizes /
+    // offsets / advance are in *atlas pixels at the base size* and scale
+    // linearly with the requested font size at draw time.
+    struct Glyph {
+        float u0 = 0, v0 = 0;         // top-left UV in the atlas
+        float u1 = 0, v1 = 0;         // bottom-right UV in the atlas
+        float w  = 0, h  = 0;         // glyph quad size in atlas px (= the bitmap size)
+        float xoff = 0, yoff = 0;     // glyph bearing relative to baseline cursor
+        float advance = 0;            // horizontal advance at base size, in atlas px
+    };
+
+    // Single-channel SDF atlas. Glyphs are rasterised with stb_truetype's
+    // GetGlyphSDF at a fixed `kBaseSize` resolution and packed via a simple
+    // shelf allocator. Drawing scales the glyph quad linearly; the shader
+    // resolves edge AA via screen-space derivatives, so a single atlas
+    // serves all sizes and DPI scales without re-bake.
+    class FontAtlas {
+    public:
+        // Build-time constants. Tweak in one place if needed; values picked
+        // to give crisp text from ~10pt to ~96pt and leave headroom in the
+        // SDF distance band so smoothstep is in the linear regime.
+        static constexpr int   kAtlasSize     = 1024;
+        static constexpr float kBaseSize      = 32.0f;     // pixel-height at which we rasterise
+        static constexpr int   kPadding       = 4;         // distance-field padding around each glyph
+        static constexpr int   kOnEdgeValue   = 128;       // 8-bit value mapped to "0 distance"
+        static constexpr float kPixelDistScale = 32.0f;    // how many distance units per pixel — wider = softer AA range
+
+        ImageVulkan<std::uint8_t> image;
+        bool dirty = false;        // staging has unflushed writes
+
+        // Allocate the GPU image and zero-clear it. Must be called once
+        // with a one-shot init command buffer.
+        void Initialize(VkCommandBuffer cmd);
+
+        // Rasterise + pack the glyph if it isn't cached yet. Returns
+        // false only if the atlas is out of space (V2: grow). After a
+        // successful Ensure the bitmap lives in `image.buffer.value` and
+        // `dirty` is true; call Update(cmd) before reading on the GPU.
+        bool Ensure(Font& font, std::uint32_t codepoint);
+
+        // Lookup is cheap (hash-table). Returns nullptr if the glyph
+        // hasn't been Ensured.
+        const Glyph* Lookup(Font& font, std::uint32_t codepoint) const;
+
+        // If `dirty`, flushes staging into the GPU image and transitions
+        // it back to SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL. No-op if not dirty.
+        void Update(VkCommandBuffer cmd);
+
+    private:
+        // Shelf packer state.
+        struct Shelf { int y = 0; int height = 0; int cursorX = 0; };
+        std::vector<Shelf> shelves_;
+        int  nextShelfY_ = 0;
+
+        // (font*, codepoint) → Glyph cache.
+        struct Key {
+            const Font* font;
+            std::uint32_t cp;
+            bool operator==(const Key&) const = default;
+        };
+        struct KeyHash {
+            std::size_t operator()(const Key& k) const noexcept {
+                std::size_t h1 = std::hash<const void*>{}(k.font);
+                std::size_t h2 = std::hash<std::uint32_t>{}(k.cp);
+                return h1 ^ (h2 + 0x9e3779b9 + (h1 << 6) + (h1 >> 2));
+            }
+        };
+        std::unordered_map<Key, Glyph, KeyHash> cache_;
+
+        // Place a wxh glyph; returns true + writes top-left into outX/outY.
+        bool ShelfPlace(int w, int h, int& outX, int& outY);
+    };
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIDrawList.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UIDrawList;
+import std;
+import :UILength;
+import :UIWidget;
+
+export namespace Crafter::UI {
+    class FontAtlas;        // forward decl (full def in :UIAtlas)
+
+    // Item type tags. Must match the shader-side constants exactly.
+    enum class ItemType : std::uint32_t {
+        Rect      = 0,
+        RoundRect = 1,
+        Glyph     = 2,
+        Image     = 3,
+        ClipPush  = 5,
+        ClipPop   = 6,
+    };
+
+    // GPU-bound draw item. Layout matches the shader's UIItem struct under
+    // GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout (no std140/std430 padding). Keep this in
+    // sync with shaders/ui.comp.glsl.
+    //
+    // Field meanings by ItemType:
+    //   Rect:       posPx, sizePx, color (alpha-premultiplied).
+    //   RoundRect:  same as Rect + cornerRadiusPx.
+    //   Glyph:      posPx/sizePx = on-screen quad; uvRect = atlas region;
+    //               color tints the SDF sample; cornerRadiusPx unused.
+    //   Image:      posPx/sizePx = quad; uvRect = source rect (0..1);
+    //               imageIdx = bindless slot offset; color tints.
+    //   ClipPush:   posPx/sizePx = clip rect to push (intersected with current).
+    //   ClipPop:    fields ignored.
+    struct UIItem {
+        std::uint32_t type;            // ItemType
+        std::uint32_t flags;
+        float         posPx[2];
+        float         sizePx[2];
+        float         color[4];
+        float         colorB[4];
+        float         uvRect[4];
+        std::uint32_t imageIdx;
+        std::uint32_t cornerRadiusPx;
+        float         reserved[2];
+    };
+    static_assert(sizeof(UIItem) == 88, "UIItem size must match shader-side struct");
+
+    // CPU-side accumulator. Widgets call `Add(...)` (or convenience helpers)
+    // during their Emit pass; the renderer copies the resulting buffer into
+    // the per-frame mapped SSBO and dispatches the compute shader.
+    class DrawList {
+    public:
+        std::vector<UIItem> items;
+
+        // Set by the renderer before EmitTree(). Widgets that draw text or
+        // images consult these — without an atlas, glyph emission is a
+        // no-op (useful for layout-only debug dumps).
+        FontAtlas*    atlas = nullptr;
+        std::uint32_t bindlessBaseHeapIdx = 0;   // base heap slot for Image widgets
+        float         scale = 1.0f;              // device scale (mirrors LayoutContext::scale)
+
+        void Reset() { items.clear(); }
+
+        void Add(const UIItem& it) { items.push_back(it); }
+
+        // Convenience constructors for common items. These keep widget
+        // Emit code short and self-documenting.
+        void AddRect(Rect r, Color c) {
+            UIItem it{};
+            it.type = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(ItemType::Rect);
+            it.posPx[0]  = r.x;     it.posPx[1]  = r.y;
+            it.sizePx[0] = r.w;     it.sizePx[1] = r.h;
+            // Premultiply alpha so the shader's "OVER" operator works without
+            // a per-pixel multiply.
+            it.color[0] = c.r * c.a;
+            it.color[1] = c.g * c.a;
+            it.color[2] = c.b * c.a;
+            it.color[3] = c.a;
+            items.push_back(it);
+        }
+
+        void AddRoundRect(Rect r, Color c, float radiusPx) {
+            UIItem it{};
+            it.type = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(ItemType::RoundRect);
+            it.posPx[0]  = r.x;     it.posPx[1]  = r.y;
+            it.sizePx[0] = r.w;     it.sizePx[1] = r.h;
+            it.color[0] = c.r * c.a;
+            it.color[1] = c.g * c.a;
+            it.color[2] = c.b * c.a;
+            it.color[3] = c.a;
+            it.cornerRadiusPx = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(radiusPx);
+            items.push_back(it);
+        }
+
+        // Glyph item: `quad` is the glyph's on-screen rect, `atlasUV` is
+        // its (x, y, w, h) region in 0..1 atlas-UV space.
+        void AddGlyph(Rect quad, Color color, std::array<float, 4> atlasUV) {
+            UIItem it{};
+            it.type = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(ItemType::Glyph);
+            it.posPx[0]  = quad.x;  it.posPx[1]  = quad.y;
+            it.sizePx[0] = quad.w;  it.sizePx[1] = quad.h;
+            it.color[0] = color.r * color.a;
+            it.color[1] = color.g * color.a;
+            it.color[2] = color.b * color.a;
+            it.color[3] = color.a;
+            it.uvRect[0] = atlasUV[0]; it.uvRect[1] = atlasUV[1];
+            it.uvRect[2] = atlasUV[2]; it.uvRect[3] = atlasUV[3];
+            items.push_back(it);
+        }
+
+        // Image item: `imageHeapOffset` is added to the renderer's
+        // bindless-base slot at draw time to find the right descriptor.
+        void AddImage(Rect quad, Color tint, std::uint32_t imageHeapOffset,
+                      std::array<float, 4> sourceUV = {0, 0, 1, 1}) {
+            UIItem it{};
+            it.type = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(ItemType::Image);
+            it.posPx[0]  = quad.x;  it.posPx[1]  = quad.y;
+            it.sizePx[0] = quad.w;  it.sizePx[1] = quad.h;
+            it.color[0] = tint.r * tint.a;
+            it.color[1] = tint.g * tint.a;
+            it.color[2] = tint.b * tint.a;
+            it.color[3] = tint.a;
+            it.uvRect[0] = sourceUV[0]; it.uvRect[1] = sourceUV[1];
+            it.uvRect[2] = sourceUV[2]; it.uvRect[3] = sourceUV[3];
+            it.imageIdx = imageHeapOffset;
+            items.push_back(it);
+        }
+
+        // Clip stack — emit a ClipPush at the start of the clipped region
+        // and a matching ClipPop at the end. The shader maintains a small
+        // fixed-size stack and intersects pushes with the existing clip.
+        void PushClip(Rect r) {
+            UIItem it{};
+            it.type = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(ItemType::ClipPush);
+            it.posPx[0]  = r.x;     it.posPx[1]  = r.y;
+            it.sizePx[0] = r.w;     it.sizePx[1] = r.h;
+            items.push_back(it);
+        }
+
+        void PopClip() {
+            UIItem it{};
+            it.type = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(ItemType::ClipPop);
+            items.push_back(it);
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Walk the laid-out tree and emit every widget's items.
+    inline void EmitTree(const Widget& root, DrawList& dl) {
+        root.Emit(dl);
+    }
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIHit.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UIHit;
+import std;
+import :UILength;
+import :UIWidget;
+
+export namespace Crafter::UI {
+    // Find the topmost widget whose computedRect contains (x, y).
+    // Children are visited in reverse order so later children (drawn on
+    // top) win ties. Returns nullptr if the point is outside `root`.
+    inline Widget* HitTest(Widget& root, float x, float y) {
+        if (!root.computedRect.Contains(x, y)) return nullptr;
+
+        // Search children in reverse — the last-added child is on top in
+        // our draw order, so it wins overlapping hits.
+        for (auto it = root.children_.rbegin(); it != root.children_.rend(); ++it) {
+            if (Widget* hit = HitTest(**it, x, y); hit) return hit;
+        }
+        return &root;
+    }
+
+    // Dispatch a click at (x, y) to the topmost widget under the cursor,
+    // bubbling to ancestors until one returns true (handled). The default
+    // Widget::OnMouseClick returns false, so leaf widgets that don't care
+    // automatically defer to their parents.
+    inline void DispatchClick(Widget& root, float x, float y) {
+        Widget* target = HitTest(root, x, y);
+        while (target) {
+            if (target->OnMouseClick(x, y)) return;
+            target = target->parent;
+        }
+    }
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UILayout.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UILayout;
+import std;
+import :UILength;
+import :UIWidget;
+
+export namespace Crafter::UI {
+    // Convert a Length to device pixels. `parentExtent` is the parent's
+    // available extent on the same axis (already in device px). `autoFn`
+    // produces the size to use for `Auto` and `Frac` modes — for Auto this
+    // is the desired-content size, for Frac it's the same fallback (Frac
+    // is meaningful only inside a stack container, which resolves it
+    // separately; everywhere else it's just "fill what's available", same
+    // as Auto).
+    template<typename AutoFn>
+    constexpr float ResolveLength(Length len, float parentExtent, float scale, AutoFn&& autoFn) {
+        switch (len.mode) {
+            case Length::Mode::Px:   return len.value * scale;
+            case Length::Mode::Pct:  return len.value * 0.01f * parentExtent;
+            case Length::Mode::Auto: return static_cast<float>(autoFn());
+            case Length::Mode::Frac: return static_cast<float>(autoFn());
+        }
+        return 0.0f;
+    }
+
+    // Edges resolved into device pixels (no Length involvement; Edges are
+    // already plain floats in logical px).
+    struct EdgesPx {
+        float top = 0, right = 0, bottom = 0, left = 0;
+        constexpr float Horiz()    const { return left + right; }
+        constexpr float Vert()     const { return top + bottom; }
+    };
+
+    constexpr EdgesPx ResolveEdges(Edges e, float scale) {
+        return { e.top * scale, e.right * scale, e.bottom * scale, e.left * scale };
+    }
+
+    // Rect minus padding — yields the content rect.
+    constexpr Rect ShrinkBy(Rect r, EdgesPx p) {
+        return {
+            r.x + p.left,
+            r.y + p.top,
+            std::max(0.0f, r.w - p.Horiz()),
+            std::max(0.0f, r.h - p.Vert()),
+        };
+    }
+
+    // Run the two-pass measure/arrange on a root widget bound to a surface
+    // of `surfacePx` device pixels at `scale`. The root receives the full
+    // surface as its arrange rect.
+    inline void RunLayout(Widget& root, Size surfacePx, float scale) {
+        LayoutContext ctx{ .scale = scale, .surfaceSize = surfacePx };
+        root.Measure(surfacePx, ctx);
+        root.Arrange({0, 0, surfacePx.w, surfacePx.h}, ctx);
+    }
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UILength.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UILength;
+import std;
+
+export namespace Crafter::UI {
+    struct Length {
+        enum class Mode : std::uint8_t { Px, Pct, Auto, Frac };
+        Mode mode = Mode::Auto;
+        float value = 0.0f;
+
+        static constexpr Length Px(float v)   { return {Mode::Px,   v}; }
+        static constexpr Length Pct(float v)  { return {Mode::Pct,  v}; }
+        static constexpr Length Auto()        { return {Mode::Auto, 0.0f}; }
+        static constexpr Length Frac(float v) { return {Mode::Frac, v}; }
+    };
+
+    enum class Anchor : std::uint8_t {
+        TopLeft,    Top,    TopRight,
+        Left,       Center, Right,
+        BottomLeft, Bottom, BottomRight,
+    };
+
+    struct Edges {
+        float top = 0, right = 0, bottom = 0, left = 0;
+
+        constexpr Edges() = default;
+        constexpr explicit Edges(float all) : top(all), right(all), bottom(all), left(all) {}
+        constexpr Edges(float vert, float horiz) : top(vert), right(horiz), bottom(vert), left(horiz) {}
+        constexpr Edges(float t, float r, float b, float l) : top(t), right(r), bottom(b), left(l) {}
+    };
+
+    struct Color {
+        float r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, a = 1;
+
+        constexpr Color() = default;
+        constexpr Color(float r, float g, float b, float a = 1.0f) : r(r), g(g), b(b), a(a) {}
+
+        // 0xRRGGBB, alpha = 1.0
+        static constexpr Color rgb(std::uint32_t hex) {
+            return {
+                ((hex >> 16) & 0xFF) / 255.0f,
+                ((hex >>  8) & 0xFF) / 255.0f,
+                ( hex        & 0xFF) / 255.0f,
+                1.0f
+            };
+        }
+        // 0xRRGGBBAA
+        static constexpr Color rgba(std::uint32_t hex) {
+            return {
+                ((hex >> 24) & 0xFF) / 255.0f,
+                ((hex >> 16) & 0xFF) / 255.0f,
+                ((hex >>  8) & 0xFF) / 255.0f,
+                ( hex        & 0xFF) / 255.0f
+            };
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct Size {
+        float w = 0, h = 0;
+    };
+
+    struct Rect {
+        float x = 0, y = 0, w = 0, h = 0;
+
+        constexpr float Right()  const { return x + w; }
+        constexpr float Bottom() const { return y + h; }
+
+        constexpr bool Contains(float px, float py) const {
+            return px >= x && px < x + w && py >= y && py < y + h;
+        }
+
+        constexpr Rect Intersect(Rect o) const {
+            float l = std::max(x, o.x);
+            float t = std::max(y, o.y);
+            float r = std::min(Right(),  o.Right());
+            float b = std::min(Bottom(), o.Bottom());
+            if (r <= l || b <= t) return {0, 0, 0, 0};
+            return {l, t, r - l, b - t};
+        }
+    };
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIRenderer.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+module;
+#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UIRenderer;
+import std;
+import :Device;
+import :Window;
+import :RenderPass;
+import :DescriptorHeapVulkan;
+import :VulkanBuffer;
+import :SamplerVulkan;
+import :ShaderVulkan;
+import :ImageVulkan;
+import :UIDrawList;
+import :UIAtlas;
+
+export namespace Crafter::UI {
+    // The compute-pass-side renderer. Owns the compute pipeline, per-frame
+    // item buffers, the SDF glyph atlas, and the descriptor-heap slot
+    // allocations. Implements RenderPass so it plugs into Window::passes.
+    //
+    // Lifecycle:
+    //   - Initialize(window, shaderPath) — once, after the window has a
+    //     descriptor heap. Allocates slots, creates pipeline, atlas image.
+    //   - SetItems(span<UIItem>) per frame, before Window::Render runs.
+    //   - Record(...) — invoked by Window::Render's pass loop.
+    class UIRenderer : public RenderPass {
+    public:
+        // Defaulted bindless slot capacity — covers most game UIs without
+        // descriptor heap pressure. Override in Initialize.
+        static constexpr std::uint16_t kDefaultBindlessImageCount = 256;
+
+        FontAtlas atlas;
+
+        // Initialize. `initCmd` must be a command buffer in recording
+        // state — used to transition the atlas image. Window must already
+        // have a non-null descriptorHeap with enough free slots for
+        // (numFrames + 1 + bindlessImageCount) images, numFrames buffers,
+        // and 1 sampler.
+        void Initialize(Window& window,
+                        VkCommandBuffer initCmd,
+                        const std::filesystem::path& spvPath = "ui.comp.spv",
+                        std::uint16_t bindlessImageCount = kDefaultBindlessImageCount);
+
+        // Stage `items` into the next-frame mapped buffer. Must be called
+        // BEFORE Window::Render so the buffer is flushed before the
+        // dispatch reads it.
+        void SetItems(std::span<const UIItem> items);
+
+        // RenderPass impl — invoked from Window::Render's pass loop.
+        void Record(VkCommandBuffer cmd, std::uint32_t frameIdx, Window& window) override;
+
+        // Heap slot accessors — UIScene reads these to populate DrawList.
+        std::uint32_t BindlessBaseHeapIdx() const { return bindlessBase_; }
+        FontAtlas&    Atlas()                     { return atlas; }
+
+        // The frame currently being staged. Window::Render advances
+        // `currentBuffer` before passes record; SetItems writes to
+        // (currentBuffer + 1) so the previous frame's buffer is still in
+        // flight on the GPU. For V1 we ride on Window's currentBuffer
+        // directly since vkQueueWaitIdle gates each frame.
+        std::uint32_t pendingItemCount = 0;
+
+    private:
+        Window* window_ = nullptr;
+
+        VkPipeline pipeline_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+        VulkanBuffer<UIItem, true> itemBufs_[Window::numFrames];
+        std::uint16_t              itemCapacity_ = 0;
+
+        // Heap slot allocations (resource heap unless noted).
+        std::uint16_t outImageBase_  = 0;     // images[outImageBase_ + frame] = swapchain view
+        std::uint16_t atlasImageSlot_ = 0;    // sampled atlas image slot
+        std::uint16_t bindlessBase_   = 0;    // first user-image slot
+        std::uint16_t bindlessCount_  = 0;    // user-image slot count
+        std::uint16_t itemBufBase_    = 0;    // SSBO slot base; per-frame at base + i
+        std::uint16_t linearSamplerSlot_ = 0; // sampler heap
+
+        // Stable VkImageViewCreateInfo for the atlas — descriptor heap
+        // writes need a pointer to one, so we keep it on the renderer.
+        VkImageViewCreateInfo atlasViewCreateInfo_{};
+
+        // Helpers.
+        void GrowItemBuffersIfNeeded(std::uint32_t needed);
+        void WriteSwapchainDescriptors();
+        void WriteAtlasDescriptor();
+        void WriteSamplerDescriptors();
+        void WriteItemBufferDescriptors();
+        void CreatePipeline(const std::filesystem::path& spvPath);
+        void CreateLinearSampler();
+    };
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIScene.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+module;
+#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UIScene;
+import std;
+import :Window;
+import :Types;
+import :DescriptorHeapVulkan;
+import Crafter.Event;
+import :UIWidget;
+import :UIWidgets;
+import :UILayout;
+import :UIDrawList;
+import :UIRenderer;
+import :UIHit;
+
+export namespace Crafter::UI {
+    // The single user-facing wrapper that ties the widget tree to the
+    // window's frame loop. Owns the renderer + draw list, optionally
+    // owns a default descriptor heap, registers itself as a RenderPass on
+    // the window, and routes mouse clicks through the hit tester.
+    //
+    // Typical usage:
+    //
+    //     Crafter::Window  window(1280, 720, "Demo");
+    //     window.StartInit(); window.FinishInit();
+    //     Crafter::UI::UIScene scene;
+    //     scene.Initialize(window);
+    //     scene.Root(VStack{}.children(
+    //         Button{"Play"}.onClick([&]{ ... }),
+    //         ...
+    //     ));
+    //     window.Render();
+    //     window.StartUpdate();   // continuous rendering
+    //     window.StartSync();
+    class UIScene {
+    public:
+        UIRenderer renderer;
+        DrawList   drawList;
+
+        UIScene() = default;
+        UIScene(const UIScene&) = delete;
+        UIScene& operator=(const UIScene&) = delete;
+        ~UIScene();
+
+        void Initialize(Window& window,
+                        const std::filesystem::path& spvPath = "ui.comp.spv");
+
+        // Replace the widget tree. Takes ownership and clears focus
+        // (the previously-focused widget will be destroyed with the
+        // old tree).
+        template<typename W>
+            requires std::derived_from<std::remove_cvref_t<W>, Widget>
+        void Root(W&& root) {
+            SetFocus(nullptr);
+            using T = std::remove_cvref_t<W>;
+            auto p = std::make_unique<T>(std::move(root));
+            p->parent = nullptr;
+            root_ = std::move(p);
+        }
+
+        // Focus management. Calling with nullptr blurs whatever was focused.
+        void SetFocus(Widget* w);
+        Widget* Focused() const { return focused_; }
+
+        // Optional surface-clearing colour. The swapchain image is
+        // STORAGE-only (can't be vkCmdClearColorImage'd), so we paint a
+        // full-surface rect at the start of every frame's draw list when
+        // this is set.
+        UIScene& background(Color c) { background_ = c; return *this; }
+
+        Widget* root() { return root_.get(); }
+        const Widget* root() const { return root_.get(); }
+
+    private:
+        Window* window_ = nullptr;
+        std::unique_ptr<Widget> root_;
+        std::optional<Color> background_;
+
+        // Auto-allocated heap for UI-only apps. If the user already attached
+        // a heap to the window, we leave it alone and don't own one.
+        DescriptorHeapVulkan ownedHeap_;
+        bool ownsHeap_ = false;
+
+        std::unique_ptr<EventListener<void>>             mouseListener_;
+        std::unique_ptr<EventListener<FrameTime>>        updateListener_;
+        std::unique_ptr<EventListener<const std::string_view>> textListener_;
+        std::unique_ptr<EventListener<CrafterKeys>>      keyListener_;
+        Widget* focused_ = nullptr;
+
+        float WindowScale() const;
+        void  RebuildFrame();
+    };
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UITheme.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UITheme;
+import std;
+import :UILength;
+import :UIWidgets;
+import :Font;
+
+export namespace Crafter::UI {
+    // Flat theme — named slots, no cascading. Users keep one Theme value
+    // (typically as a member of their scene) and reference its slots on
+    // each widget via `.style(theme.primary)` etc. No automatic
+    // propagation: per-widget overrides win.
+    struct Theme {
+        // Buttons
+        ButtonStyle primary;          // default action ("Save", "Play")
+        ButtonStyle secondary;        // neutral action ("Cancel", "Back")
+        ButtonStyle danger;           // destructive ("Delete", "Quit")
+        ButtonStyle disabled;         // greyed out
+
+        // Inputs
+        InputFieldStyle input;
+
+        // Generic palette
+        Color text          {0.95f, 0.95f, 0.95f, 1.0f};
+        Color textMuted     {0.65f, 0.65f, 0.65f, 1.0f};
+        Color panel         {0.10f, 0.11f, 0.13f, 1.0f};
+        Color panelElevated {0.14f, 0.15f, 0.17f, 1.0f};
+        Color border        {0.30f, 0.30f, 0.30f, 1.0f};
+        Color focusRing     {0.40f, 0.70f, 1.00f, 1.0f};
+
+        // Typography. Optional: not every widget requires the theme's font;
+        // builder methods can override per-instance.
+        Font* defaultFont = nullptr;
+        float defaultFontSize = 16.0f;
+    };
+
+    namespace themes {
+        // A balanced dark-mode theme — matches the kind of game-menu palette
+        // 3DForts uses. Users can copy + tweak.
+        inline Theme default_dark() {
+            Theme t;
+
+            t.primary.background        = Color{0.22f, 0.45f, 0.78f, 1.0f};
+            t.primary.hoverBackground   = Color{0.28f, 0.55f, 0.92f, 1.0f};
+            t.primary.pressedBackground = Color{0.16f, 0.36f, 0.66f, 1.0f};
+            t.primary.textColor         = Color{1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f};
+
+            t.secondary.background        = Color{0.20f, 0.20f, 0.20f, 1.0f};
+            t.secondary.hoverBackground   = Color{0.28f, 0.28f, 0.28f, 1.0f};
+            t.secondary.pressedBackground = Color{0.14f, 0.14f, 0.14f, 1.0f};
+
+            t.danger.background        = Color{0.62f, 0.20f, 0.20f, 1.0f};
+            t.danger.hoverBackground   = Color{0.78f, 0.26f, 0.26f, 1.0f};
+            t.danger.pressedBackground = Color{0.46f, 0.14f, 0.14f, 1.0f};
+            t.danger.textColor         = Color{1.0f,  0.95f, 0.95f, 1.0f};
+
+            t.disabled.background = Color{0.15f, 0.15f, 0.15f, 1.0f};
+            t.disabled.textColor  = Color{0.50f, 0.50f, 0.50f, 1.0f};
+
+            return t;
+        }
+    }
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIWidget.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UIWidget;
+import std;
+import :UILength;
+import :Types;        // for CrafterKeys
+
+export namespace Crafter::UI {
+    struct DrawList;        // forward decl (full def in :UIDrawList)
+
+    // Threaded through layout. Holds anything every widget needs from the
+    // surrounding scene at layout time (DPI scale, root surface size, …).
+    struct LayoutContext {
+        float scale = 1.0f;       // device scale (Window::scale)
+        Size  surfaceSize{};      // root surface in device px
+    };
+
+    struct Widget {
+        Length width_  = Length::Auto();
+        Length height_ = Length::Auto();
+        Edges padding_;
+        Edges margin_;
+        std::optional<Anchor> anchor_;
+
+        // Layout output, filled by the engine.
+        Rect computedRect{};
+        Size desiredSize{};
+        bool dirty = true;
+
+        // Tree.
+        Widget* parent = nullptr;
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Widget>> children_;
+
+        Widget() = default;
+        Widget(const Widget&) = delete;
+        Widget& operator=(const Widget&) = delete;
+        Widget(Widget&&) = default;
+        Widget& operator=(Widget&&) = default;
+        virtual ~Widget() = default;
+
+        // Layout protocol — Measure returns the size this widget wants given
+        // the available space; engine then calls Arrange with the final rect.
+        virtual Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) = 0;
+        virtual void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& ctx) = 0;
+
+        // Interaction protocol — return true if the event was handled and
+        // should NOT bubble to the parent. Default: not handled.
+        virtual bool OnMouseClick(float /*x*/, float /*y*/) { return false; }
+
+        // Focus protocol. Widgets that opt in (e.g. InputField) return
+        // true from IsFocusable; UIScene tracks the currently-focused
+        // widget and routes keyboard events to it.
+        virtual bool IsFocusable() const { return false; }
+        virtual void OnFocus() {}
+        virtual void OnBlur()  {}
+
+        // Keyboard input. Both default to "not handled". OnTextInput
+        // receives a UTF-8 substring (typically one codepoint per call).
+        // OnKeyDown receives non-character keys (Backspace, arrows, …).
+        virtual bool OnTextInput(std::string_view /*text*/)        { return false; }
+        virtual bool OnKeyDown  (CrafterKeys      /*key*/)         { return false; }
+
+        // Drawing protocol — emit GPU-bound draw items into `dl`. Default
+        // implementation is "container behaviour": just descend into
+        // children. Leaf widgets override to emit their own primitives;
+        // containers that also draw (Button background, ScrollView clip
+        // push/pop, TabView bar) override and explicitly recurse into
+        // children where appropriate.
+        //
+        // The body just forwards to children, so the forward-declared
+        // DrawList is enough — no member access here.
+        virtual void Emit(DrawList& dl) const {
+            for (auto& c : children_) c->Emit(dl);
+        }
+
+        // Walk all descendants in pre-order.
+        template<typename F>
+        void ForEach(F&& f) {
+            f(*this);
+            for (auto& c : children_) c->ForEach(f);
+        }
+    };
+
+    // CRTP base providing fluent setters that return the concrete widget type.
+    template<typename Self>
+    struct WidgetBuilder : Widget {
+        Self& self() { return static_cast<Self&>(*this); }
+
+        Self& width(Length l)            { width_  = l; return self(); }
+        Self& height(Length l)           { height_ = l; return self(); }
+        Self& size(Length w, Length h)   { width_ = w; height_ = h; return self(); }
+        Self& padding(Edges e)           { padding_ = e; return self(); }
+        Self& padding(float all)         { padding_ = Edges(all); return self(); }
+        Self& padding(float v, float h)  { padding_ = Edges(v, h); return self(); }
+        Self& margin(Edges e)            { margin_ = e; return self(); }
+        Self& margin(float all)          { margin_ = Edges(all); return self(); }
+        Self& anchor(Anchor a)           { anchor_ = a; return self(); }
+        Self& expand()                   { width_ = Length::Frac(1); height_ = Length::Frac(1); return self(); }
+
+        // Take ownership of a parameter pack of widgets and append them as children.
+        template<typename... Ws>
+            requires (std::derived_from<std::decay_t<Ws>, Widget> && ...)
+        Self& children(Ws&&... ws) {
+            children_.reserve(children_.size() + sizeof...(Ws));
+            (AppendChild(std::forward<Ws>(ws)), ...);
+            return self();
+        }
+
+    private:
+        // .children(...) takes ownership of each widget argument unconditionally;
+        // builder chains like `Button{"X"}.font(f)` return Self& (lvalue ref to
+        // the temporary), so we always move rather than std::forward.
+        template<typename W>
+        void AppendChild(W&& w) {
+            using T = std::remove_cvref_t<W>;
+            auto p = std::make_unique<T>(std::move(w));
+            p->parent = this;
+            children_.push_back(std::move(p));
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Stable typed handle into the scene; populated by the scene when a
+    // widget tree is mounted.
+    template<typename T>
+    struct WidgetRef {
+        T* node = nullptr;
+
+        T* operator->() const { return node; }
+        T& operator*()  const { return *node; }
+        explicit operator bool() const { return node != nullptr; }
+    };
+
+    // Mutable observable value. Setting a new value invokes any registered
+    // watchers; widgets register watchers in their mount step to mark
+    // themselves dirty when the underlying value changes.
+    template<typename T>
+    class Observable {
+    public:
+        Observable() = default;
+        Observable(T v) : value_(std::move(v)) {}
+
+        Observable(const Observable&) = delete;
+        Observable& operator=(const Observable&) = delete;
+
+        Observable& operator=(T v) {
+            if constexpr (std::equality_comparable<T>) {
+                if (value_ == v) return *this;
+            }
+            value_ = std::move(v);
+            Notify();
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        const T& Get() const { return value_; }
+        operator const T&() const { return value_; }
+
+        // Register a watcher; returned token unregisters on destruction.
+        // For V1 there is no unsubscribe — watchers live as long as the
+        // Observable does. The scene clears watchers when widgets are torn
+        // down by destroying the Observable they were watching.
+        void Watch(std::function<void()> fn) {
+            watchers_.push_back(std::move(fn));
+        }
+
+    private:
+        T value_{};
+        std::vector<std::function<void()>> watchers_;
+
+        void Notify() {
+            for (auto& w : watchers_) w();
+        }
+    };
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIWidgets.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,989 @@
+/*
+Crafter®.Graphics
+Copyright (C) 2026 Catcrafts®
+catcrafts.net
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation;
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
+*/
+export module Crafter.Graphics:UIWidgets;
+import std;
+import :UILength;
+import :UIWidget;
+import :UILayout;
+import :UIDrawList;
+import :UIAtlas;
+import :Font;
+
+export namespace Crafter::UI {
+    // ─────────────────── Text-emission helper ─────────────────────────────
+    // Walks an ASCII string, ensuring each codepoint in the atlas and
+    // emitting one Glyph item per non-whitespace glyph. Returns the final
+    // x-cursor position (useful when emitting multi-run text).
+    namespace detail {
+        inline float EmitText(DrawList& dl, Font* font, std::string_view text,
+                              float fontSizePx, Color color,
+                              float originX, float topY) {
+            if (!dl.atlas || !font) return originX;
+            FontAtlas& atlas = *dl.atlas;
+
+            float scaleFactor = fontSizePx / FontAtlas::kBaseSize;
+            float baselineY   = topY + font->AscentPx(fontSizePx);
+            float cursorX     = originX;
+
+            std::size_t i = 0;
+            while (i < text.size()) {
+                std::uint32_t cp = DecodeUtf8(text, i);
+                if (cp == 0) break;
+                atlas.Ensure(*font, cp);
+                const Glyph* g = atlas.Lookup(*font, cp);
+                if (!g) continue;
+                if (g->w > 0 && g->h > 0) {
+                    Rect quad{
+                        cursorX  + g->xoff * scaleFactor,
+                        baselineY + g->yoff * scaleFactor,
+                        g->w * scaleFactor,
+                        g->h * scaleFactor,
+                    };
+                    dl.AddGlyph(quad, color, {g->u0, g->v0, g->u1 - g->u0, g->v1 - g->v0});
+                }
+                cursorX += g->advance * scaleFactor;
+            }
+            return cursorX;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── Spacer ───────────────────────────────────
+    // Takes up flex space along whichever axis its parent stacks on. Has
+    // no minimum size of its own; an HStack treats it as a horizontal gap,
+    // a VStack as vertical.
+    struct Spacer : WidgetBuilder<Spacer> {
+        Spacer() {
+            width_  = Length::Frac(1);
+            height_ = Length::Frac(1);
+        }
+
+        Size Measure(Size /*avail*/, const LayoutContext& /*ctx*/) override {
+            desiredSize = {0, 0};
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& /*ctx*/) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────── Stack-axis helpers ───────────────────────────
+    namespace detail {
+        // Pick a child's cross-axis size (the axis the stack does NOT lay
+        // children along). For Auto, defer to the child's measured size;
+        // for Px/Pct/Frac, resolve against the available content size.
+        inline float ResolveCrossAxis(const Widget& c, Length len, float contentExtent,
+                                      float scale, float autoSize) {
+            return ResolveLength(len, contentExtent, scale, [&]{ return autoSize; });
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── VStack ───────────────────────────────────
+    struct VStack : WidgetBuilder<VStack> {
+        float spacing_ = 0;
+
+        VStack& spacing(float s) { spacing_ = s; return *this; }
+
+        Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            float spacingPx = spacing_ * ctx.scale;
+
+            // If our own width/height is fixed, that bounds children; if Auto,
+            // children may use the full available extent.
+            float ownW = ResolveLength(width_,  avail.w, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.w; });
+            float ownH = ResolveLength(height_, avail.h, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.h; });
+            float contentW = std::max(0.0f, ownW - p.Horiz());
+            float contentH = std::max(0.0f, ownH - p.Vert());
+
+            float maxChildW = 0;
+            float totalH = 0;
+            float remainingH = contentH;
+            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < children_.size(); ++i) {
+                auto& c = *children_[i];
+                Size childAvail = { contentW, std::max(0.0f, remainingH) };
+                Size cs = c.Measure(childAvail, ctx);
+                maxChildW = std::max(maxChildW, cs.w);
+                totalH += cs.h;
+                remainingH -= cs.h;
+                if (i + 1 < children_.size()) {
+                    totalH += spacingPx;
+                    remainingH -= spacingPx;
+                }
+            }
+
+            desiredSize = {
+                (width_.mode  == Length::Mode::Auto) ? maxChildW + p.Horiz() : ownW,
+                (height_.mode == Length::Mode::Auto) ? totalH    + p.Vert()  : ownH,
+            };
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            Rect content = ShrinkBy(rect, p);
+            float spacingPx = spacing_ * ctx.scale;
+
+            // First pass: sum fixed heights + count Frac weight.
+            float fracWeight = 0;
+            float fixedH     = 0;
+            for (auto& c : children_) {
+                if (c->height_.mode == Length::Mode::Frac) {
+                    fracWeight += c->height_.value;
+                } else {
+                    fixedH += c->desiredSize.h;
+                }
+            }
+            if (children_.size() > 1) fixedH += spacingPx * (children_.size() - 1);
+            float leftover = std::max(0.0f, content.h - fixedH);
+            float fracUnit = (fracWeight > 0) ? (leftover / fracWeight) : 0;
+
+            // Second pass: arrange.
+            float y = content.y;
+            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < children_.size(); ++i) {
+                auto& c = *children_[i];
+                float h = (c.height_.mode == Length::Mode::Frac)
+                          ? c.height_.value * fracUnit
+                          : c.desiredSize.h;
+                float w = detail::ResolveCrossAxis(c, c.width_, content.w, ctx.scale, c.desiredSize.w);
+                if (c.width_.mode == Length::Mode::Frac) w = content.w * c.width_.value;
+                if (w > content.w) w = content.w;
+
+                // Cross-axis (horizontal) alignment: honor the child's anchor
+                // for the horizontal half (Left/Center/Right); default Left.
+                float x = content.x;
+                if (c.anchor_) {
+                    switch (*c.anchor_) {
+                        case Anchor::Top: case Anchor::Center: case Anchor::Bottom:
+                            x = content.x + (content.w - w) / 2; break;
+                        case Anchor::TopRight: case Anchor::Right: case Anchor::BottomRight:
+                            x = content.x + content.w - w; break;
+                        default: break;
+                    }
+                }
+                c.Arrange({x, y, w, h}, ctx);
+                y += h + spacingPx;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── HStack ───────────────────────────────────
+    struct HStack : WidgetBuilder<HStack> {
+        float spacing_ = 0;
+
+        HStack& spacing(float s) { spacing_ = s; return *this; }
+
+        Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            float spacingPx = spacing_ * ctx.scale;
+
+            float ownW = ResolveLength(width_,  avail.w, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.w; });
+            float ownH = ResolveLength(height_, avail.h, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.h; });
+            float contentW = std::max(0.0f, ownW - p.Horiz());
+            float contentH = std::max(0.0f, ownH - p.Vert());
+
+            float maxChildH = 0;
+            float totalW = 0;
+            float remainingW = contentW;
+            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < children_.size(); ++i) {
+                auto& c = *children_[i];
+                Size childAvail = { std::max(0.0f, remainingW), contentH };
+                Size cs = c.Measure(childAvail, ctx);
+                maxChildH = std::max(maxChildH, cs.h);
+                totalW += cs.w;
+                remainingW -= cs.w;
+                if (i + 1 < children_.size()) {
+                    totalW += spacingPx;
+                    remainingW -= spacingPx;
+                }
+            }
+
+            desiredSize = {
+                (width_.mode  == Length::Mode::Auto) ? totalW    + p.Horiz() : ownW,
+                (height_.mode == Length::Mode::Auto) ? maxChildH + p.Vert()  : ownH,
+            };
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            Rect content = ShrinkBy(rect, p);
+            float spacingPx = spacing_ * ctx.scale;
+
+            float fracWeight = 0;
+            float fixedW     = 0;
+            for (auto& c : children_) {
+                if (c->width_.mode == Length::Mode::Frac) {
+                    fracWeight += c->width_.value;
+                } else {
+                    fixedW += c->desiredSize.w;
+                }
+            }
+            if (children_.size() > 1) fixedW += spacingPx * (children_.size() - 1);
+            float leftover = std::max(0.0f, content.w - fixedW);
+            float fracUnit = (fracWeight > 0) ? (leftover / fracWeight) : 0;
+
+            float x = content.x;
+            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < children_.size(); ++i) {
+                auto& c = *children_[i];
+                float w = (c.width_.mode == Length::Mode::Frac)
+                          ? c.width_.value * fracUnit
+                          : c.desiredSize.w;
+                float h = detail::ResolveCrossAxis(c, c.height_, content.h, ctx.scale, c.desiredSize.h);
+                if (c.height_.mode == Length::Mode::Frac) h = content.h * c.height_.value;
+                if (h > content.h) h = content.h;
+
+                float y = content.y;
+                if (c.anchor_) {
+                    switch (*c.anchor_) {
+                        case Anchor::Left: case Anchor::Center: case Anchor::Right:
+                            y = content.y + (content.h - h) / 2; break;
+                        case Anchor::BottomLeft: case Anchor::Bottom: case Anchor::BottomRight:
+                            y = content.y + content.h - h; break;
+                        default: break;
+                    }
+                }
+                c.Arrange({x, y, w, h}, ctx);
+                x += w + spacingPx;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // ──────────────────── Stack (anchored layering) ───────────────────────
+    // Children stack on top of each other inside the parent's content rect.
+    // Each child positions itself by its own `.anchor(...)`; default is
+    // TopLeft. Children with Auto sizes are sized to their measured needs.
+    struct Stack : WidgetBuilder<Stack> {
+        Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            float ownW = ResolveLength(width_,  avail.w, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.w; });
+            float ownH = ResolveLength(height_, avail.h, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.h; });
+            float contentW = std::max(0.0f, ownW - p.Horiz());
+            float contentH = std::max(0.0f, ownH - p.Vert());
+
+            float maxW = 0, maxH = 0;
+            for (auto& c : children_) {
+                Size cs = c->Measure({contentW, contentH}, ctx);
+                maxW = std::max(maxW, cs.w);
+                maxH = std::max(maxH, cs.h);
+            }
+
+            desiredSize = {
+                (width_.mode  == Length::Mode::Auto) ? maxW + p.Horiz() : ownW,
+                (height_.mode == Length::Mode::Auto) ? maxH + p.Vert()  : ownH,
+            };
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            Rect content = ShrinkBy(rect, p);
+
+            for (auto& cp : children_) {
+                auto& c = *cp;
+                // Resolve child width/height. Frac fills parent.
+                float w = (c.width_.mode == Length::Mode::Auto)
+                          ? c.desiredSize.w
+                          : (c.width_.mode == Length::Mode::Frac
+                              ? content.w * c.width_.value
+                              : ResolveLength(c.width_, content.w, ctx.scale, [&]{return c.desiredSize.w;}));
+                float h = (c.height_.mode == Length::Mode::Auto)
+                          ? c.desiredSize.h
+                          : (c.height_.mode == Length::Mode::Frac
+                              ? content.h * c.height_.value
+                              : ResolveLength(c.height_, content.h, ctx.scale, [&]{return c.desiredSize.h;}));
+                w = std::min(w, content.w);
+                h = std::min(h, content.h);
+
+                Anchor a = c.anchor_.value_or(Anchor::TopLeft);
+                float x = content.x, y = content.y;
+                switch (a) {
+                    case Anchor::TopLeft:                                                                break;
+                    case Anchor::Top:         x = content.x + (content.w - w) / 2;                       break;
+                    case Anchor::TopRight:    x = content.x +  content.w - w;                            break;
+                    case Anchor::Left:        y = content.y + (content.h - h) / 2;                       break;
+                    case Anchor::Center:      x = content.x + (content.w - w) / 2;
+                                              y = content.y + (content.h - h) / 2;                       break;
+                    case Anchor::Right:       x = content.x +  content.w - w;
+                                              y = content.y + (content.h - h) / 2;                       break;
+                    case Anchor::BottomLeft:  y = content.y +  content.h - h;                            break;
+                    case Anchor::Bottom:      x = content.x + (content.w - w) / 2;
+                                              y = content.y +  content.h - h;                            break;
+                    case Anchor::BottomRight: x = content.x +  content.w - w;
+                                              y = content.y +  content.h - h;                            break;
+                }
+                c.Arrange({x, y, w, h}, ctx);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Overlay is functionally identical to Stack today; it exists so user
+    // code can spell intent ("layered HUD" vs "anchored content").
+    using Overlay = Stack;
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── TextRun ──────────────────────────────────
+    // A styled span inside a Text widget. Per-run overrides win over the
+    // Text's base style; unset fields fall back to the parent Text.
+    struct TextRun {
+        std::string text;
+        std::optional<float> size_;
+        std::optional<Color> color_;
+        bool bold_ = false;
+        bool italic_ = false;
+        bool underline_ = false;
+        bool strikethrough_ = false;
+
+        TextRun() = default;
+        TextRun(std::string s) : text(std::move(s)) {}
+        TextRun(const char* s) : text(s) {}
+
+        TextRun& size(float s)        { size_ = s; return *this; }
+        TextRun& color(Color c)       { color_ = c; return *this; }
+        TextRun& bold()               { bold_ = true; return *this; }
+        TextRun& italic()             { italic_ = true; return *this; }
+        TextRun& underline()          { underline_ = true; return *this; }
+        TextRun& strikethrough()      { strikethrough_ = true; return *this; }
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── Text ─────────────────────────────────────
+    // Static text. V1 supports a single line, single font, with per-run
+    // styling (color, size, weight, italics, underline, strikethrough).
+    // Wrap, multi-font, BiDi etc. are V2+.
+    struct Text : WidgetBuilder<Text> {
+        // Bring back the layout `size(Length, Length)` overload — our own
+        // `size(float)` would otherwise hide it.
+        using WidgetBuilder<Text>::size;
+
+        std::vector<TextRun> runs_;
+        Font* font_ = nullptr;
+        float size_ = 16.0f;
+        Color color_{1, 1, 1, 1};
+
+        Text() = default;
+        Text(std::string s)  { runs_.emplace_back(std::move(s)); }
+        Text(const char* s)  { runs_.emplace_back(std::string(s)); }
+
+        Text& font(Font& f)  { font_ = &f; return *this; }
+        Text& size(float s)  { size_ = s;  return *this; }
+        Text& color(Color c) { color_ = c; return *this; }
+
+        // Replace the run list with a parameter pack of styled runs.
+        template<typename... Rs>
+            requires (std::convertible_to<std::decay_t<Rs>, TextRun> && ...)
+        Text& runs(Rs&&... rs) {
+            runs_.clear();
+            runs_.reserve(sizeof...(Rs));
+            (runs_.emplace_back(std::forward<Rs>(rs)), ...);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            float ownW = ResolveLength(width_,  avail.w, ctx.scale, [&]{
+                if (!font_) return 0.0f;
+                float w = 0;
+                for (auto& r : runs_) {
+                    float rs = (r.size_.value_or(size_)) * ctx.scale;
+                    w += font_->GetLineWidth(r.text, rs);
+                }
+                return w;
+            });
+            float ownH = ResolveLength(height_, avail.h, ctx.scale, [&]{
+                if (!font_) return 0.0f;
+                // Tallest run dictates the line height.
+                float h = 0;
+                for (auto& r : runs_) {
+                    float rs = (r.size_.value_or(size_)) * ctx.scale;
+                    h = std::max(h, font_->LineHeight(rs));
+                }
+                return h;
+            });
+            desiredSize = {ownW, ownH};
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& /*ctx*/) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+        }
+
+        void Emit(DrawList& dl) const override {
+            if (!font_) return;
+            float cursorX = computedRect.x;
+            for (auto& r : runs_) {
+                float rs = r.size_.value_or(size_) * dl.scale;
+                Color c  = r.color_.value_or(color_);
+                cursorX  = detail::EmitText(dl, font_, r.text, rs, c, cursorX, computedRect.y);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── Image ────────────────────────────────────
+    // A texture-or-asset reference. V1 stores just the source path; the
+    // renderer will resolve it. If `sourceSize_` is set, an Auto axis paired
+    // with a fixed axis preserves aspect ratio.
+    struct Image : WidgetBuilder<Image> {
+        std::filesystem::path source_;
+        Size sourceSize_{};
+        Color tint_{1, 1, 1, 1};
+
+        Image() = default;
+        Image(std::filesystem::path p)         : source_(std::move(p)) {}
+        Image(const char* p)                   : source_(p) {}
+
+        Image& source(std::filesystem::path p) { source_ = std::move(p); return *this; }
+        Image& sourceSize(Size s)              { sourceSize_ = s; return *this; }
+        Image& tint(Color c)                   { tint_ = c; return *this; }
+
+        Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            float w = ResolveLength(width_,  avail.w, ctx.scale,
+                                    [&]{ return sourceSize_.w * ctx.scale; });
+            float h = ResolveLength(height_, avail.h, ctx.scale,
+                                    [&]{ return sourceSize_.h * ctx.scale; });
+
+            // If we know the source aspect AND only one axis is Auto, derive
+            // the missing axis to preserve aspect ratio.
+            if (sourceSize_.w > 0 && sourceSize_.h > 0) {
+                bool autoW = (width_.mode  == Length::Mode::Auto);
+                bool autoH = (height_.mode == Length::Mode::Auto);
+                if (autoW && !autoH && h > 0) w = h * (sourceSize_.w / sourceSize_.h);
+                else if (autoH && !autoW && w > 0) h = w * (sourceSize_.h / sourceSize_.w);
+            }
+            desiredSize = {w, h};
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& /*ctx*/) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+        }
+
+        std::uint32_t bindlessSlot_ = 0;   // assigned by UIScene when source is loaded
+
+        void Emit(DrawList& dl) const override {
+            if (bindlessSlot_ == 0) return;   // texture not loaded yet
+            dl.AddImage(computedRect, tint_, bindlessSlot_);
+        }
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── ProgressBar ──────────────────────────────
+    // Horizontal bar showing `value_` ∈ [min_, max_]. `bindValue` registers
+    // an Observable so external state drives the bar without rebuilding.
+    struct ProgressBar : WidgetBuilder<ProgressBar> {
+        // Bring back the layout `size(Length, Length)` overload — the
+        // single-arg `value(...)` sets a float; layout sizing uses Length.
+        using WidgetBuilder<ProgressBar>::size;
+
+        float value_ = 0.0f;
+        float min_ = 0.0f;
+        float max_ = 1.0f;
+        Color background_{0.20f, 0.20f, 0.20f, 1.0f};
+        Color foreground_{0.40f, 0.70f, 1.00f, 1.0f};
+        Observable<float>* boundValue_ = nullptr;
+
+        ProgressBar() { height_ = Length::Px(8); }
+
+        ProgressBar& value(float v)    { value_ = v; return *this; }
+        ProgressBar& range(float lo, float hi) { min_ = lo; max_ = hi; return *this; }
+        ProgressBar& background(Color c) { background_ = c; return *this; }
+        ProgressBar& foreground(Color c) { foreground_ = c; return *this; }
+        ProgressBar& bindValue(Observable<float>& v, float lo = 0.0f, float hi = 1.0f) {
+            boundValue_ = &v; min_ = lo; max_ = hi; return *this;
+        }
+
+        // Normalised progress in [0, 1].
+        float Progress() const {
+            float v = boundValue_ ? boundValue_->Get() : value_;
+            if (max_ <= min_) return 0.0f;
+            return std::clamp((v - min_) / (max_ - min_), 0.0f, 1.0f);
+        }
+
+        Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            float w = ResolveLength(width_,  avail.w, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.w; });
+            float h = ResolveLength(height_, avail.h, ctx.scale, [&]{ return 8.0f * ctx.scale; });
+            desiredSize = {w, h};
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& /*ctx*/) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+        }
+
+        void Emit(DrawList& dl) const override {
+            dl.AddRect(computedRect, background_);
+            float p = Progress();
+            if (p > 0.0f) {
+                Rect fg{computedRect.x, computedRect.y, computedRect.w * p, computedRect.h};
+                dl.AddRect(fg, foreground_);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── ButtonStyle ─────────────────────────────
+    // Reusable visual style for Buttons. Lives in UIWidgets (not UITheme)
+    // so Button::style(...) can take it by const-ref without a circular
+    // module dependency.
+    struct ButtonStyle {
+        Color background       {0.20f, 0.20f, 0.20f, 1.0f};
+        Color hoverBackground  {0.28f, 0.28f, 0.28f, 1.0f};
+        Color pressedBackground{0.14f, 0.14f, 0.14f, 1.0f};
+        Color textColor        {0.95f, 0.95f, 0.95f, 1.0f};
+        Color borderColor      {0.30f, 0.30f, 0.30f, 1.0f};
+        float fontSize = 16.0f;
+        Edges padding{8.0f, 12.0f};
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── InputFieldStyle ─────────────────────────
+    struct InputFieldStyle {
+        Color background       {0.10f, 0.10f, 0.10f, 1.0f};
+        Color textColor        {0.95f, 0.95f, 0.95f, 1.0f};
+        Color borderColor      {0.40f, 0.40f, 0.40f, 1.0f};
+        Color focusBorderColor {0.40f, 0.70f, 1.00f, 1.0f};
+        float fontSize = 16.0f;
+        Edges padding{6.0f, 8.0f};
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── InputField ──────────────────────────────
+    // Single-line text editor. V1 stores a std::string; the renderer draws
+    // the background, border, text, and a focus-cursor caret. Keyboard
+    // events are wired in by UI-Hit/UI-Scene; for now the widget owns the
+    // data + visual config and exposes onChange/onSubmit callbacks.
+    struct InputField : WidgetBuilder<InputField> {
+        std::string text_;
+        Font* font_ = nullptr;
+        float fontSize_ = 16.0f;
+        Color textColor_{0.95f, 0.95f, 0.95f, 1.0f};
+        Color background_{0.10f, 0.10f, 0.10f, 1.0f};
+        Color borderColor_{0.40f, 0.40f, 0.40f, 1.0f};
+        Color focusBorderColor_{0.40f, 0.70f, 1.00f, 1.0f};
+        bool focused_ = false;
+        std::size_t cursor_ = 0;        // codepoint index within text_
+        std::string placeholder_;
+        std::function<void(const std::string&)> onChange_;
+        std::function<void(const std::string&)> onSubmit_;
+
+        InputField() {
+            padding_ = Edges(6, 8);
+            width_ = Length::Px(160);
+        }
+        InputField(std::string initial) : InputField() {
+            text_ = std::move(initial);
+            cursor_ = text_.size();
+        }
+
+        InputField& text(std::string s)         { text_ = std::move(s); cursor_ = text_.size(); return *this; }
+        InputField& placeholder(std::string s)  { placeholder_ = std::move(s); return *this; }
+        InputField& font(Font& f)               { font_ = &f; return *this; }
+        InputField& fontSize(float s)           { fontSize_ = s; return *this; }
+        InputField& textColor(Color c)          { textColor_ = c; return *this; }
+        InputField& background(Color c)         { background_ = c; return *this; }
+        InputField& borderColor(Color c)        { borderColor_ = c; return *this; }
+        InputField& focusBorderColor(Color c)   { focusBorderColor_ = c; return *this; }
+        InputField& onChange(std::function<void(const std::string&)> f) { onChange_ = std::move(f); return *this; }
+        InputField& onSubmit(std::function<void(const std::string&)> f) { onSubmit_ = std::move(f); return *this; }
+
+        InputField& style(const InputFieldStyle& s) {
+            background_       = s.background;
+            textColor_        = s.textColor;
+            borderColor_      = s.borderColor;
+            focusBorderColor_ = s.focusBorderColor;
+            fontSize_         = s.fontSize;
+            padding_          = s.padding;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            float devSize = fontSize_ * ctx.scale;
+            float lineH = font_ ? font_->LineHeight(devSize) : devSize;
+
+            float w = ResolveLength(width_,  avail.w, ctx.scale, [&]{ return 160.0f * ctx.scale; });
+            float h = ResolveLength(height_, avail.h, ctx.scale, [&]{ return lineH + p.Vert(); });
+            desiredSize = {w, h};
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& /*ctx*/) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+        }
+
+        // Interaction. UIScene's focus manager flips `focused_` via
+        // OnFocus/OnBlur; mouse clicks just need to be claimed so the
+        // bubble stops here (and so a non-focusable parent doesn't eat
+        // the event). The text-edit ops are deliberately tiny: insert at
+        // cursor, backspace, delete, enter; arrow keys move the caret.
+        bool IsFocusable() const override   { return true; }
+        void OnFocus()  override             { focused_ = true; }
+        void OnBlur()   override             { focused_ = false; }
+        bool OnMouseClick(float, float) override { return true; }
+
+        bool OnTextInput(std::string_view text) override {
+            text_.insert(cursor_, text);
+            cursor_ += text.size();
+            if (onChange_) onChange_(text_);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        bool OnKeyDown(CrafterKeys key) override {
+            switch (key) {
+                case CrafterKeys::Backspace: {
+                    if (cursor_ > 0) {
+                        // Remove a full UTF-8 codepoint, not a byte.
+                        std::size_t back = 1;
+                        while (back < cursor_ &&
+                               (static_cast<unsigned char>(text_[cursor_ - back]) & 0xC0) == 0x80) {
+                            ++back;
+                        }
+                        text_.erase(cursor_ - back, back);
+                        cursor_ -= back;
+                        if (onChange_) onChange_(text_);
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                }
+                case CrafterKeys::Delete: {
+                    if (cursor_ < text_.size()) {
+                        std::size_t fwd = 1;
+                        while (cursor_ + fwd < text_.size() &&
+                               (static_cast<unsigned char>(text_[cursor_ + fwd]) & 0xC0) == 0x80) {
+                            ++fwd;
+                        }
+                        text_.erase(cursor_, fwd);
+                        if (onChange_) onChange_(text_);
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                }
+                case CrafterKeys::Left: {
+                    while (cursor_ > 0) {
+                        --cursor_;
+                        if ((static_cast<unsigned char>(text_[cursor_]) & 0xC0) != 0x80) break;
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                }
+                case CrafterKeys::Right: {
+                    while (cursor_ < text_.size()) {
+                        ++cursor_;
+                        if (cursor_ == text_.size() ||
+                            (static_cast<unsigned char>(text_[cursor_]) & 0xC0) != 0x80) break;
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                }
+                case CrafterKeys::Home: cursor_ = 0; return true;
+                case CrafterKeys::End:  cursor_ = text_.size(); return true;
+                case CrafterKeys::Enter:
+                    if (onSubmit_) onSubmit_(text_);
+                    return true;
+                default: return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void Emit(DrawList& dl) const override {
+            // Background.
+            dl.AddRect(computedRect, background_);
+
+            // Border: 4 thin rects so the user can see focus state without
+            // a stencil pass. 1-device-pixel-wide outline.
+            float t = std::max(1.0f, dl.scale);
+            Color border = focused_ ? focusBorderColor_ : borderColor_;
+            dl.AddRect({computedRect.x,                  computedRect.y,                  computedRect.w, t}, border); // top
+            dl.AddRect({computedRect.x,                  computedRect.y + computedRect.h - t, computedRect.w, t}, border); // bottom
+            dl.AddRect({computedRect.x,                  computedRect.y,                  t, computedRect.h}, border); // left
+            dl.AddRect({computedRect.x + computedRect.w - t, computedRect.y,              t, computedRect.h}, border); // right
+
+            if (font_) {
+                EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, dl.scale);
+                float devSize = fontSize_ * dl.scale;
+                float originX = computedRect.x + p.left;
+                float originY = computedRect.y + p.top;
+                std::string_view show = !text_.empty() ? std::string_view(text_)
+                                                       : std::string_view(placeholder_);
+                Color col = !text_.empty() ? textColor_
+                                           : Color{textColor_.r, textColor_.g, textColor_.b, textColor_.a * 0.5f};
+                detail::EmitText(dl, font_, show, devSize, col, originX, originY);
+
+                // Caret bar at the cursor position when focused.
+                if (focused_) {
+                    std::string_view before(text_.data(), cursor_);
+                    float prefixW = static_cast<float>(font_->GetLineWidth(before, devSize));
+                    float caretX = originX + prefixW;
+                    dl.AddRect({caretX, originY, t, font_->LineHeight(devSize)}, focusBorderColor_);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── ScrollView ──────────────────────────────
+    // Clipping viewport. Children are laid out vertically (treated like a
+    // VStack with no spacing) and translated by scrollY_; horizontal scroll
+    // is opt-in via .horizontal(true). Hit/wheel/drag interaction is wired
+    // by UI-Hit/UI-Scene.
+    struct ScrollView : WidgetBuilder<ScrollView> {
+        bool scrollVertical_ = true;
+        bool scrollHorizontal_ = false;
+        float scrollX_ = 0.0f;
+        float scrollY_ = 0.0f;
+        Size contentSize_{};        // total laid-out children size (for scroll bounds)
+
+        ScrollView& vertical(bool b)   { scrollVertical_ = b; return *this; }
+        ScrollView& horizontal(bool b) { scrollHorizontal_ = b; return *this; }
+
+        Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+
+            // Viewport size — defaults to filling available.
+            float w = ResolveLength(width_,  avail.w, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.w; });
+            float h = ResolveLength(height_, avail.h, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.h; });
+
+            // Children measure with effectively-unbounded space along the
+            // scroll axis, allowing them to grow beyond the viewport.
+            constexpr float kInf = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
+            Size childAvail = {
+                scrollHorizontal_ ? kInf : std::max(0.0f, w - p.Horiz()),
+                scrollVertical_   ? kInf : std::max(0.0f, h - p.Vert()),
+            };
+            float totalH = 0;
+            float maxW = 0;
+            for (auto& c : children_) {
+                Size cs = c->Measure(childAvail, ctx);
+                totalH += cs.h;
+                maxW = std::max(maxW, cs.w);
+            }
+            contentSize_ = {maxW, totalH};
+
+            desiredSize = {w, h};
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            Rect content = ShrinkBy(rect, p);
+
+            // Clamp scroll to valid range.
+            float maxScrollY = std::max(0.0f, contentSize_.h - content.h);
+            float maxScrollX = std::max(0.0f, contentSize_.w - content.w);
+            scrollY_ = std::clamp(scrollY_, 0.0f, maxScrollY);
+            scrollX_ = std::clamp(scrollX_, 0.0f, maxScrollX);
+
+            float y = content.y - scrollY_;
+            for (auto& c : children_) {
+                float w = (c->width_.mode == Length::Mode::Auto)
+                          ? c->desiredSize.w
+                          : ResolveLength(c->width_, content.w, ctx.scale,
+                                          [&]{ return c->desiredSize.w; });
+                float h = c->desiredSize.h;
+                c->Arrange({content.x - scrollX_, y, w, h}, ctx);
+                y += h;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void Emit(DrawList& dl) const override {
+            // Wrap children in a clip rect equal to our viewport.
+            dl.PushClip(computedRect);
+            for (auto& c : children_) c->Emit(dl);
+            dl.PopClip();
+        }
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── TabView ──────────────────────────────────
+    // A tab bar at the top + the selected tab's content below. Each `.tab(
+    // name, widget)` adds a child widget; the selected index drives which
+    // child is laid out and rendered. Tab clicks are routed by UI-Hit later.
+    struct TabView : WidgetBuilder<TabView> {
+        std::vector<std::string> tabNames_;
+        int selected_ = 0;
+        Font* font_ = nullptr;
+        float tabFontSize_ = 14.0f;
+        Color tabBackground_{0.10f, 0.10f, 0.10f, 1.0f};
+        Color tabActiveBackground_{0.18f, 0.18f, 0.18f, 1.0f};
+        Color tabTextColor_{0.85f, 0.85f, 0.85f, 1.0f};
+        Color tabActiveTextColor_{1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+        float tabBarHeight_ = 32.0f;
+        float tabBarBottomYPx_ = 0.0f;   // cached after Arrange for hit-testing
+
+        TabView& font(Font& f)            { font_ = &f; return *this; }
+        TabView& tabFontSize(float s)     { tabFontSize_ = s; return *this; }
+        TabView& tabBarHeight(float h)    { tabBarHeight_ = h; return *this; }
+        TabView& selected(int i)          { selected_ = i; return *this; }
+
+        // Appends one tab (name + content widget). Each content widget
+        // is owned via children_; tabNames_[i] mirrors children_[i]'s name.
+        template<typename W>
+            requires std::derived_from<std::remove_cvref_t<W>, Widget>
+        TabView& tab(std::string name, W&& content) {
+            tabNames_.push_back(std::move(name));
+            auto p = std::make_unique<std::remove_cvref_t<W>>(std::move(content));
+            p->parent = this;
+            children_.push_back(std::move(p));
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            float tbh = tabBarHeight_ * ctx.scale;
+
+            float ownW = ResolveLength(width_,  avail.w, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.w; });
+            float ownH = ResolveLength(height_, avail.h, ctx.scale, [&]{ return avail.h; });
+            Size contentAvail = {
+                std::max(0.0f, ownW - p.Horiz()),
+                std::max(0.0f, ownH - p.Vert() - tbh),
+            };
+
+            // Measure ALL tab contents (so a switch doesn't trigger a
+            // re-measure). Cheap for typical tab counts.
+            for (auto& c : children_) c->Measure(contentAvail, ctx);
+
+            desiredSize = {ownW, ownH};
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            Rect content = ShrinkBy(rect, p);
+            float tbh = tabBarHeight_ * ctx.scale;
+            tabBarBottomYPx_ = content.y + tbh;
+
+            // The active tab gets the area below the tab bar.
+            Rect contentArea = {
+                content.x,
+                content.y + tbh,
+                content.w,
+                std::max(0.0f, content.h - tbh),
+            };
+
+            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < children_.size(); ++i) {
+                if (static_cast<int>(i) == selected_) {
+                    children_[i]->Arrange(contentArea, ctx);
+                } else {
+                    // Off-screen so nothing draws / hit-tests for inactive tabs.
+                    children_[i]->Arrange({0, 0, 0, 0}, ctx);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        bool OnMouseClick(float x, float y) override {
+            // Only the tab bar consumes clicks; let content-area clicks bubble.
+            if (y < computedRect.y || y >= tabBarBottomYPx_) return false;
+            if (tabNames_.empty()) return false;
+            float tabW = computedRect.w / static_cast<float>(tabNames_.size());
+            int idx = static_cast<int>((x - computedRect.x) / tabW);
+            idx = std::clamp(idx, 0, static_cast<int>(tabNames_.size()) - 1);
+            selected_ = idx;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        void Emit(DrawList& dl) const override {
+            if (tabNames_.empty()) return;
+
+            float tbh = tabBarBottomYPx_ - computedRect.y;
+            // Whole tab-bar background.
+            dl.AddRect({computedRect.x, computedRect.y, computedRect.w, tbh}, tabBackground_);
+
+            // Active-tab highlight + labels.
+            float tabW = computedRect.w / static_cast<float>(tabNames_.size());
+            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < tabNames_.size(); ++i) {
+                float tx = computedRect.x + tabW * static_cast<float>(i);
+                bool active = (static_cast<int>(i) == selected_);
+                if (active) {
+                    dl.AddRect({tx, computedRect.y, tabW, tbh}, tabActiveBackground_);
+                }
+                if (font_) {
+                    float devSize = tabFontSize_ * dl.scale;
+                    float labelW  = static_cast<float>(font_->GetLineWidth(tabNames_[i], devSize));
+                    float labelX  = tx + (tabW - labelW) * 0.5f;
+                    float labelY  = computedRect.y + (tbh - font_->LineHeight(devSize)) * 0.5f;
+                    Color col = active ? tabActiveTextColor_ : tabTextColor_;
+                    detail::EmitText(dl, font_, tabNames_[i], devSize, col, labelX, labelY);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Active tab content only.
+            if (selected_ >= 0 && selected_ < static_cast<int>(children_.size())) {
+                children_[selected_]->Emit(dl);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // ─────────────────────────── Button ───────────────────────────────────
+    // Clickable rectangle with a label. Default padding makes the click
+    // target comfortable; users can override via .padding(...).
+    struct Button : WidgetBuilder<Button> {
+        std::string label_;
+        std::function<void()> onClick_;
+        Color background_{0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f};
+        Color textColor_{1, 1, 1, 1};
+        Font* font_ = nullptr;
+        float fontSize_ = 16.0f;
+
+        Button()                 { padding_ = Edges(8, 12); }
+        Button(std::string l)    : Button() { label_ = std::move(l); }
+        Button(const char* l)    : Button() { label_ = l; }
+
+        Button& text(std::string s)            { label_ = std::move(s); return *this; }
+        Button& onClick(std::function<void()> f) { onClick_ = std::move(f); return *this; }
+        Button& background(Color c)            { background_ = c; return *this; }
+        Button& textColor(Color c)             { textColor_ = c; return *this; }
+        Button& font(Font& f)                  { font_ = &f; return *this; }
+        Button& fontSize(float s)              { fontSize_ = s; return *this; }
+
+        Button& style(const ButtonStyle& s) {
+            background_ = s.background;
+            textColor_  = s.textColor;
+            fontSize_   = s.fontSize;
+            padding_    = s.padding;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Size Measure(Size avail, const LayoutContext& ctx) override {
+            EdgesPx p = ResolveEdges(padding_, ctx.scale);
+            float devSize = fontSize_ * ctx.scale;
+            float textW = (font_ && !label_.empty()) ? font_->GetLineWidth(label_, devSize) : 0.0f;
+            float textH = font_ ? font_->LineHeight(devSize) : devSize;
+
+            float w = ResolveLength(width_,  avail.w, ctx.scale, [&]{ return textW + p.Horiz(); });
+            float h = ResolveLength(height_, avail.h, ctx.scale, [&]{ return textH + p.Vert();  });
+            desiredSize = {w, h};
+            return desiredSize;
+        }
+
+        void Arrange(Rect rect, const LayoutContext& /*ctx*/) override {
+            computedRect = rect;
+        }
+
+        bool OnMouseClick(float /*x*/, float /*y*/) override {
+            if (onClick_) { onClick_(); return true; }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        void Emit(DrawList& dl) const override {
+            // Rounded background — corner radius scales with DPI.
+            std::uint32_t radius = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(std::round(4.0f * dl.scale));
+            dl.AddRoundRect(computedRect, background_, static_cast<float>(radius));
+
+            // Centred label.
+            if (font_ && !label_.empty()) {
+                float devSize = fontSize_ * dl.scale;
+                float labelW  = static_cast<float>(font_->GetLineWidth(label_, devSize));
+                float labelH  = font_->LineHeight(devSize);
+                float originX = computedRect.x + (computedRect.w - labelW) * 0.5f;
+                float originY = computedRect.y + (computedRect.h - labelH) * 0.5f;
+                detail::EmitText(dl, font_, label_, devSize, textColor_, originX, originY);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-VulkanBuffer.cppm

@@ -19,12 +19,9 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 
 module;
 
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 
 export module Crafter.Graphics:VulkanBuffer;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 import std;
 import :Device;
 
@@ -213,5 +210,4 @@ namespace Crafter {
         VulkanBuffer(VulkanBuffer&) = delete;
         VulkanBuffer& operator=(const VulkanBuffer&) = delete;
     };
-}
+}
-#endif

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-VulkanTransition.cppm

@@ -18,12 +18,9 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 */
 
 module;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
 #include <assert.h>
-#endif
 export module Crafter.Graphics:VulkanTransition;
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 import std;
 
 export namespace Crafter {
@@ -189,6 +186,4 @@ export namespace Crafter {
                           static_cast<uint32_t>(image_memory_barriers.size()),
                           image_memory_barriers.data());
  }
-}
+}
-
-#endif

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Window.cppm

@@ -38,9 +38,7 @@ module;
 #include <wayland-client.h>
 #include <wayland-client-protocol.h>
 #endif
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
 #include "vulkan/vulkan.h"
-#endif
 #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WIN32
 #include <windows.h>
 #endif
@@ -48,23 +46,18 @@ module;
 export module Crafter.Graphics:Window;
 import std;
 import :Types;
-import :Rendertarget;
-import :Transform2D;
 import Crafter.Event;
 
 export namespace Crafter {
-    #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
     struct Semaphores {
 		// Swap chain image presentation
 		VkSemaphore presentComplete;
 		// Command buffer submission and execution
 		VkSemaphore renderComplete;
 	};
-    struct PipelineRTVulkan;
+    struct RenderPass;
     struct DescriptorHeapVulkan;
-    #endif
 
-    struct MouseElement;
     struct Window {
         FrameTime currentFrameTime;
         std::uint32_t width; 
@@ -98,9 +91,6 @@ export namespace Crafter {
         Vector<float, 2> mouseDelta;
         bool mouseLeftHeld = false;
         bool mouseRightHeld = false;
-        std::vector<MouseElement*> mouseElements;
-        std::vector<MouseElement*> pendingMouseElements;
-        Rendertarget<std::uint8_t, 4, 4, 1> cursorRenderer;
 
         Window() = default;
         Window(std::uint32_t width, std::uint32_t height);
@@ -139,16 +129,11 @@ export namespace Crafter {
         #endif
 
         #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_WINDOW_WAYLAND
-        float scale;
+        float scale = 1.0f;
-        #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_SOFTWARE
-        Rendertarget<std::uint8_t, 4, 4, 1> renderer;
-        #endif
         bool configured = false;
         xdg_toplevel* xdgToplevel = nullptr;
         wp_viewport* wpViewport = nullptr;
         wl_surface* surface = nullptr;
-        wl_buffer* buffer = nullptr;
-        wl_buffer* backBuffer = nullptr;
         xdg_surface* xdgSurface = nullptr;
         wl_callback* cb = nullptr;
         wl_surface* cursorSurface = nullptr;
@@ -177,12 +162,17 @@ export namespace Crafter {
         inline static wp_fractional_scale_v1* wp_scale = nullptr;
         #endif
 
-        #ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
         VkCommandBuffer StartInit();
         void FinishInit();
         VkCommandBuffer GetCmd();
         void EndCmd(VkCommandBuffer cmd);
         void CreateSwapchain();
+
+        // Save the current swapchain image (state after Render() returns) to
+        // a PNG file. Allocates a one-shot staging buffer + command buffer,
+        // copies image-to-buffer, waits idle, then writes PNG via stb. Useful
+        // for visual regression tests and screenshotting from headless code.
+        void SaveFrame(const std::filesystem::path& path);
         static constexpr std::uint8_t numFrames = 3;
         VkSurfaceKHR vulkanSurface = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         VkSwapchainKHR swapChain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
@@ -196,8 +186,8 @@ export namespace Crafter {
         Semaphores semaphores;
         std::uint32_t currentBuffer = 0;
         VkPipelineStageFlags submitPipelineStages = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
-        PipelineRTVulkan* pipeline;
+        std::vector<RenderPass*> passes;
-        DescriptorHeapVulkan* descriptorHeap;
+        DescriptorHeapVulkan* descriptorHeap = nullptr;
-        #endif
+        std::optional<std::array<float, 4>> clearColor;
     };
 }

interfaces/Crafter.Graphics.cppm

@@ -21,21 +21,12 @@ Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301 USA
 export module Crafter.Graphics;
 
 export import :Window;
-export import :Transform2D;
-export import :RenderingElement2D;
-export import :RenderingElement2DBase;
-export import :MouseElement;
-export import :GridElement;
 export import :Types;
 export import :Device;
 export import :Font;
 export import :Animation;
 export import :Mesh;
-export import :Rendertarget;
 export import :ForwardDeclarations;
-
-#ifdef CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN
-export import :Device;
 export import :VulkanTransition;
 export import :VulkanBuffer;
 export import :ShaderVulkan;
@@ -45,5 +36,6 @@ export import :RenderingElement3D;
 export import :ImageVulkan;
 export import :SamplerVulkan;
 export import :DescriptorHeapVulkan;
-export import :RenderingElement2DVulkan;
+export import :RenderPass;
-#endif
+export import :RTPass;
+export import :UI;

project.cpp

@@ -47,49 +47,50 @@ extern "C" Configuration CrafterBuildProject(std::span<const std::string_view> a
         cfg.cFiles.push_back("lib/viewporter");
     }
 
-    // Renderer: --vulkan opts in (clones Vulkan-Headers + Vulkan-Utility-Libraries
+    // Vulkan is the only renderer. Software fallback is provided externally
-    // for headers and links libvulkan); default is the software path.
+    // via the Vulkan loader (e.g. llvmpipe / lavapipe) — no separate code path.
-    if (opts.Has("--vulkan")) {
+    ExternalDependency& vkHeaders = cfg.externalDependencies.emplace_back();
-        cfg.defines.push_back({"CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_VULKAN", ""});
+    vkHeaders.name = "Vulkan-Headers";
-        ExternalDependency& vkHeaders = cfg.externalDependencies.emplace_back();
+    vkHeaders.source.url = "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Headers.git";
-        vkHeaders.name = "Vulkan-Headers";
+    vkHeaders.builder = ExternalBuilder::None;
-        vkHeaders.source.url = "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Headers.git";
+    vkHeaders.includeDirs = { "include" };
-        vkHeaders.builder = ExternalBuilder::None;
+    ExternalDependency& vkUtility = cfg.externalDependencies.emplace_back();
-        vkHeaders.includeDirs = { "include" };
+    vkUtility.name = "Vulkan-Utility-Libraries";
-        ExternalDependency& vkUtility = cfg.externalDependencies.emplace_back();
+    vkUtility.source.url = "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Utility-Libraries.git";
-        vkUtility.name = "Vulkan-Utility-Libraries";
+    vkUtility.builder = ExternalBuilder::None;
-        vkUtility.source.url = "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Utility-Libraries.git";
+    vkUtility.includeDirs = { "include" };
-        vkUtility.builder = ExternalBuilder::None;
+    cfg.linkFlags.push_back(windows ? "-lvulkan-1" : "-lvulkan");
-        vkUtility.includeDirs = { "include" };
-        cfg.linkFlags.push_back(windows ? "-lvulkan-1" : "-lvulkan");
-    } else {
-        cfg.defines.push_back({"CRAFTER_GRAPHICS_RENDERER_SOFTWARE", ""});
-    }
 
     if (opts.Has("--timing")) cfg.defines.push_back({"CRAFTER_TIMING", ""});
 
-    std::array<fs::path, 24> ifaces = {
+    std::array<fs::path, 30> ifaces = {
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Animation",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-DescriptorHeapVulkan",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Device",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Font",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-ForwardDeclarations",
-        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-GridElement",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-ImageVulkan",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Mesh",
-        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-MouseElement",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-PipelineRTVulkan",
-        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RenderingElement2D",
-        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RenderingElement2DBase",
-        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RenderingElement2DVulkan",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RenderingElement3D",
-        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Rendertarget",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RenderPass",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-RTPass",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-SamplerVulkan",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-ShaderBindingTableVulkan",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-ShaderVulkan",
-        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Transform2D",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Types",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UI",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIAtlas",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIDrawList",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIHit",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UILayout",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UILength",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIRenderer",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIScene",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UITheme",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIWidget",
+        "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-UIWidgets",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-VulkanBuffer",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-VulkanTransition",
         "interfaces/Crafter.Graphics-Window",
@@ -98,13 +99,15 @@ extern "C" Configuration CrafterBuildProject(std::span<const std::string_view> a
         "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Device",
         "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Font",
         "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Mesh",
-        "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-MouseElement",
-        "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Rendertarget",
         "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-RenderingElement3D",
-        "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Transform2D",
+        "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-UIAtlas",
+        "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-UIRenderer",
+        "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-UIScene",
         "implementations/Crafter.Graphics-Window",
     };
     cfg.GetInterfacesAndImplementations(ifaces, impls);
 
+    cfg.shaders.emplace_back(fs::path("shaders/ui.comp.glsl"), std::string("main"), ShaderType::Compute);
+
     return cfg;
 }

shaders/ui.comp.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+#version 460
+#extension GL_EXT_descriptor_heap                          : enable
+#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier                     : enable
+#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout                      : enable
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_image_load_formatted              : enable
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_explicit_arithmetic_types_int16   : enable
+
+layout(local_size_x = 16, local_size_y = 16) in;
+
+// ──── Item types — must match UI::ItemType in UIDrawList.cppm ────────────
+const uint TYPE_RECT       = 0u;
+const uint TYPE_ROUND_RECT = 1u;
+const uint TYPE_GLYPH      = 2u;
+const uint TYPE_IMAGE      = 3u;
+const uint TYPE_CLIP_PUSH  = 5u;
+const uint TYPE_CLIP_POP   = 6u;
+
+#define MAX_CLIP_DEPTH 8
+
+// ──── Draw item — must match UI::UIItem layout (88 bytes, scalar) ────────
+struct UIItem {
+    uint  itype;
+    uint  flags;
+    vec2  posPx;
+    vec2  sizePx;
+    vec4  color;
+    vec4  colorB;
+    vec4  uvRect;
+    uint  imageIdx;
+    uint  cornerRadiusPx;
+    vec2  reserved;
+};
+
+// ──── Bindless heap views — VK_EXT_descriptor_heap untyped model ─────────
+// Each `layout(descriptor_heap)` declaration is a typed view over the same
+// resource heap; indexing is in slot units (image-descriptor units for
+// image2D, buffer-descriptor units for buffers, etc.). The application
+// passes the absolute heap slot indices via push constants.
+layout(descriptor_heap, scalar) readonly buffer UIItemBuf {
+    UIItem items[];
+} itemHeap[];
+
+layout(descriptor_heap)              uniform image2D    images[];
+layout(descriptor_heap)              uniform texture2D  textures[];
+layout(descriptor_heap)              uniform sampler    samplers[];
+
+// ──── Push constants ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+layout(push_constant) uniform PC {
+    uint  itemCount;
+    vec2  surfaceSize;
+    float scale;
+    uint  outImageHeapIdx;       // storage-image slot of the current swapchain view
+    uint  itemBufHeapIdx;        // SSBO slot of the current frame's items
+    uint  atlasTextureHeapIdx;   // sampled-image slot of the SDF atlas
+    uint  bindlessBaseHeapIdx;   // base sampled-image slot for user images
+    uint  linearSamplerHeapIdx;  // sampler-heap slot
+} pc;
+
+// ──── Driver workaround: per-member SSBO load ────────────────────────────
+// `UIItem it = itemHeap[idx].items[i]` emits an OpLoad of a composite type
+// from a descriptor-heap'd SSBO, which crashes the GPU on the NVIDIA
+// VK_EXT_descriptor_heap path (verified with a 1-float struct repro).
+// Reading individual members works (each becomes OpAccessChain + scalar
+// OpLoad). LoadItem reassembles the struct member-by-member into a local;
+// the rest of the shader then operates on a regular local var.
+UIItem LoadItem(uint i) {
+    UIItem it;
+    it.itype          = itemHeap[pc.itemBufHeapIdx].items[i].itype;
+    it.flags          = itemHeap[pc.itemBufHeapIdx].items[i].flags;
+    it.posPx          = itemHeap[pc.itemBufHeapIdx].items[i].posPx;
+    it.sizePx         = itemHeap[pc.itemBufHeapIdx].items[i].sizePx;
+    it.color          = itemHeap[pc.itemBufHeapIdx].items[i].color;
+    it.colorB         = itemHeap[pc.itemBufHeapIdx].items[i].colorB;
+    it.uvRect         = itemHeap[pc.itemBufHeapIdx].items[i].uvRect;
+    it.imageIdx       = itemHeap[pc.itemBufHeapIdx].items[i].imageIdx;
+    it.cornerRadiusPx = itemHeap[pc.itemBufHeapIdx].items[i].cornerRadiusPx;
+    it.reserved       = itemHeap[pc.itemBufHeapIdx].items[i].reserved;
+    return it;
+}
+
+// ──── Shading helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+// In-bounds sharp rectangle.
+vec4 ShadeRect(UIItem it, vec2 fp) {
+    if (any(lessThan   (fp, it.posPx)) ||
+        any(greaterThanEqual(fp, it.posPx + it.sizePx))) return vec4(0.0);
+    return it.color;
+}
+
+// SDF for a rounded rectangle. p is offset from rect centre.
+float sdRoundRect(vec2 p, vec2 halfSize, float r) {
+    vec2 q = abs(p) - halfSize + vec2(r);
+    return length(max(q, vec2(0.0))) + min(max(q.x, q.y), 0.0) - r;
+}
+
+vec4 ShadeRoundRect(UIItem it, vec2 fp) {
+    vec2 centre = it.posPx + it.sizePx * 0.5;
+    float r = float(it.cornerRadiusPx);
+    float d = sdRoundRect(fp - centre, it.sizePx * 0.5, r);
+    // 1-pixel AA band around the edge.
+    float a = clamp(0.5 - d, 0.0, 1.0);
+    return it.color * a;
+}
+
+vec4 ShadeGlyph(UIItem it, vec2 fp) {
+    if (any(lessThan   (fp, it.posPx)) ||
+        any(greaterThanEqual(fp, it.posPx + it.sizePx))) return vec4(0.0);
+
+    vec2 localUV = (fp - it.posPx) / it.sizePx;
+    vec2 atlasUV = it.uvRect.xy + localUV * it.uvRect.zw;
+
+    // Inline sampler2D construction — GLSL doesn't allow sampler2D as a
+    // local variable, only as a function argument or uniform.
+    float dist = texture(
+        sampler2D(textures[pc.atlasTextureHeapIdx],
+                  samplers[pc.linearSamplerHeapIdx]),
+        atlasUV
+    ).r;
+
+    // SDF threshold (stored on-edge value = 128/255 ≈ 0.502). A small
+    // sample-units band gives ~1 screen pixel of AA at typical sizes.
+    float aa = 0.05;
+    float a  = smoothstep(0.5 - aa, 0.5 + aa, dist);
+    return it.color * a;
+}
+
+vec4 ShadeImage(UIItem it, vec2 fp) {
+    if (any(lessThan   (fp, it.posPx)) ||
+        any(greaterThanEqual(fp, it.posPx + it.sizePx))) return vec4(0.0);
+
+    vec2 localUV = (fp - it.posPx) / it.sizePx;
+    vec2 sourceUV = it.uvRect.xy + localUV * it.uvRect.zw;
+
+    uint slot = pc.bindlessBaseHeapIdx + it.imageIdx;
+    return texture(
+        sampler2D(textures[nonuniformEXT(slot)],
+                  samplers[pc.linearSamplerHeapIdx]),
+        sourceUV
+    ) * it.color;
+}
+
+// ──── Main ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+void main() {
+    ivec2 ip = ivec2(gl_GlobalInvocationID.xy);
+    if (any(greaterThanEqual(ip, ivec2(pc.surfaceSize)))) return;
+    vec2 fp = vec2(ip) + 0.5;   // pixel centre
+
+    // Composite over what's already in the swapchain (3D output, clear, …).
+    vec4 dst = imageLoad(images[pc.outImageHeapIdx], ip);
+
+    // Clip stack — current effective rect in (x, y, w, h).
+    vec4 clipStack[MAX_CLIP_DEPTH];
+    int  clipTop = 0;
+    clipStack[0] = vec4(0.0, 0.0, pc.surfaceSize);
+
+    for (uint i = 0u; i < pc.itemCount; ++i) {
+        UIItem it = LoadItem(i);
+
+        if (it.itype == TYPE_CLIP_PUSH) {
+            vec4 outer = clipStack[clipTop];
+            vec2 a = max(outer.xy, it.posPx);
+            vec2 b = min(outer.xy + outer.zw, it.posPx + it.sizePx);
+            int  next = min(clipTop + 1, MAX_CLIP_DEPTH - 1);
+            clipStack[next] = vec4(a, max(b - a, vec2(0.0)));
+            clipTop = next;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (it.itype == TYPE_CLIP_POP) {
+            clipTop = max(clipTop - 1, 0);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Skip if pixel is outside the current clip rect.
+        vec4 c = clipStack[clipTop];
+        if (any(lessThan(fp, c.xy)) || any(greaterThanEqual(fp, c.xy + c.zw))) continue;
+
+        vec4 src;
+        switch (it.itype) {
+            case TYPE_RECT:       src = ShadeRect      (it, fp); break;
+            case TYPE_ROUND_RECT: src = ShadeRoundRect (it, fp); break;
+            case TYPE_GLYPH:      src = ShadeGlyph     (it, fp); break;
+            case TYPE_IMAGE:      src = ShadeImage     (it, fp); break;
+            default:              src = vec4(0.0);
+        }
+
+        // Premultiplied "OVER": dst = src + dst * (1 - src.a)
+        dst.rgb = src.rgb + dst.rgb * (1.0 - src.a);
+        dst.a   = src.a   + dst.a   * (1.0 - src.a);
+    }
+
+    imageStore(images[pc.outImageHeapIdx], ip, dst);
+}