Crafter.Graphics/WAVEFRONT-DESIGN.md

# WebGPU wavefront RT rewrite — design & progress (issue #3)

Replaces the single megakernel (`main`, 8×8 tile, per-pixel
raygen→traceRay→CH/miss→store) with a streaming wavefront tracer:
`GENERATE → PREP → (TRACE → SHADE → PREP)×maxDepth → RESOLVE`, each its own
compute pass, dispatch sizes driven by `dispatchWorkgroupsIndirect`.

## Kernels (all generated/assembled the same megakernel way, just split)
- **GENERATE** (1 thread/pixel, 8×8): runs user `raygen_main(gid)` which calls
  `rtEmitPrimaryRay(...)`. Clears accum slot + payload slot for the pixel.
- **PREP** (1 thread): reads emit counter for the just-filled ray buffer,
  writes indirect args `[ceil(n/64),1,1]`, publishes `traceCount=n`, swaps
  cur/next ray buffer, resets next emit counter. One PREP before first TRACE
  and one after each SHADE.
- **TRACE** (1 thread/ray, 64-wide, indirect): ZERO user code. Reads ray i,
  runs `_rtTraverseTlas`, writes `HitResult` i (t/instanceId/primId/hg/attribs
  /objToWorld/customIndex/missFlag).
- **SHADE** (1 thread/ray, 64-wide, indirect): reads ray i + hit i + payload
  slot p. miss→`runMiss`, hit→`runClosestHit` (unless SKIP_CLOSEST_HIT). User
  code calls `rtAccumulate(pixel,rgb)` and `rtEmitRay(...)`.
- **RESOLVE** (1 thread/pixel, 8×8): reads accum slot, runs user `resolve_main`
  if present else passthrough; writes outImage.

## Buffers (rtState; per-bounce ray capacity = `RTPass::raysPerPixel`·W·H)
- `wfRaysA`,`wfRaysB`: array<WfRay>, ping/pong. WfRay = origin,tMin,dir,tMax,
  pixel,flags,cullMask,missIndex,sbtOffset,payloadSlot,kind,_pad. Each holds
  one bounce's rays; `raysPerPixel` (default 1) scales them so closest-hit
  can emit several rays per pixel in one bounce before rtEmitRay drops.
- `wfHits`: array<HitResult> (sized = ray capacity).
- `wfPayload`: array<Payload> — declared in CODEGEN region after user Payload.
- `wfAccum`: array<atomic<u32>>, 4 slots per pixel (W*H, RGBA as f32 bit
  patterns — 16 B/pixel). `rtAccumulate` CASes each channel, so a SHADE
  invocation may emit several rays for the same pixel in one bounce (one
  shadow ray per light, issue #30) without the accumulates racing.
- `wfCounters`: atomic counters: emitA, emitB, trace dispatch args, etc.
- `wfIndirect`: INDIRECT dispatch-args buffer.

## API (new, breaking)
- raygen: `rtEmitPrimaryRay(origin,tMin,dir,tMax,flags,cullMask,sbtOff,missIdx)`
  → allocates payloadSlot=pixel, writes ray to current buffer (atomic bump).
- CH/miss: `rtEmitRay(origin,tMin,dir,tMax,flags,cullMask,sbtOff,missIdx,payload)`
  spawns into NEXT buffer carrying a payload slot; `rtAccumulate(pixel,rgb)`.
- `rtGetPayload(slot)` / payload passed by value into CH/miss via slot.

## Tonemap / resolve
Accum buffer is linear. Optional user `WebGPURTStage::Resolve` entry
`resolve_main(coord:vec2<u32>, hdr:vec4<f32>)->vec4<f32>`. None → passthrough.
VulkanTriangle: no resolve (exact match). Sponza: resolve does Reinhard+gamma.

### HDR output target (issue #27)
`PipelineRTWebGPU::Init(..., hdrOutputFormat)` (default `RGBA8Unorm` = the
canvas ping-pong path, unchanged) can instead point RESOLVE at a user
`rgba16float` storage texture (`RTPass::outTexHandle`). The JS side swaps
binding(6)'s WGSL declaration + bind-group-layout format and skips the
ping-pong flip, since the canvas is untouched. With no resolve shader the
default passthrough writes raw linear radiance — the HDR input an app's own
bloom/composite chain (threshold → blur → tonemap → swapchain) reads. See
`examples/HDRBloom`.

## Indirect dispatch (Phase 2 de-risk)
Prove `dispatchWorkgroupsIndirect` + cross-pass atomic visibility with a toy
"emit N → dispatch N" before wiring real kernels. WebGPU inserts an implicit
barrier between compute passes in one submit, so atomics written in PREP are
visible to TRACE.

## maxDepth
Compile/runtime knob. JS unrolls the chain to maxDepth. VulkanTriangle
maxDepth=1 (primary only). Sponza maxDepth=2 (primary + shadow).

## Status / progress
- [x] baseline VulkanTriangle renders (megakernel)
- [x] wavefront prelude + codegen (5 entry points share one module)
- [x] VulkanTriangle on wavefront (maxDepth=1) — bit-identical to baseline
- [x] indirect-dispatch bounce loop + PREP (cross-pass atomics proven)
- [x] RTStress example (N³ cube grid) + GPU timestamp-query per-pass HUD
- [x] Sponza port (shadow ray in SHADE) — renders the atrium correctly
- [x] ordered (nearest-child-first) traversal
- [x] dynamic TLAS sweep-tree depth (next_pow2 instances)
- [x] device limits (maxBufferSize / maxStorageBufferBindingSize /
      maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension) + timestamp-query feature
- [x] megakernel dead path removed (RT pipeline builds only wavefront)
- [x] atomic pixel accumulator (#30) — `rtAccumulate` is a per-channel
      f32 CAS over `array<atomic<u32>>`, lifting the old one-ray-per-pixel-
      per-bounce cap so closest-hit can emit one shadow ray per light in a
      single bounce (multi-light shadowing; 3DForts #153). Same 16 B/pixel
      footprint; uncontended CAS succeeds first try, so single-ray scenes
      (VulkanTriangle/Sponza/RTStress) are unaffected. Capacity side:
      `RTPass::raysPerPixel` (default 1) scales the ray/hit/payload buffers
      so those N rays/pixel actually fit a bounce instead of being dropped
      by rtEmitRay's capacity guard. Exercised by `examples/RTMultiShadow`.
- [~] binding packing (Phase 7): SKIPPED — target device reports 64 storage
      buffers/stage (≥12), so the merge is unnecessary (issue makes it
      conditional on <12). NOTE: this only holds because dom-webgpu.js now
      requests the adapter's reported maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage at
      device creation (was hardcoded to 16, which left room for ~1 user
      storage buffer and broke RT pipelines with ≥2). Devices that genuinely
      report <12 storage buffers/stage still need this packing.

### Measured (this container's GPU, via timestamp-query; NOT a 4090)
Per-pass GPU time, 1920×995, primary+shadow (maxDepth=2):
- RTStress 512 inst:  GEN ~0.80ms TRACE ~1.63ms SHADE ~1.00ms total ~3.52ms (~280 fps)
- RTStress 4096 inst: GEN ~0.80ms TRACE ~1.95ms SHADE ~1.00ms total ~3.85ms (~260 fps)
- Sponza:             GEN ~0.79ms TRACE ~1.81ms SHADE ~1.00ms total ~3.69ms
8× the instances costs only ~16% more TRACE — the spatial TLAS + ordered
descent scale sub-linearly. NOTE: a 4090 number and the TRACE-kernel
register/occupancy delta require hardware + a profiler not available in
this CI container; the architectural win (TRACE carries zero user code, so
its register footprint is the traversal loop alone) is structural.

## Files
- `additional/dom-webgpu.js` — prelude (`rtWgsl*`), `wgpuLoadRTPipeline`,
  `wgpuDispatchRT`, LBVH build, rtState/buffers, device-limit clamp (~L131).
- `implementations/Crafter.Graphics-PipelineRTWebGPU.cpp` — assembles user
  WGSL + entry glue; must emit 5 entry points + payloadStore binding.
- examples/{VulkanTriangle,Sponza,RTStress}/*.wgsl + main.cpp.