catcrafts.net/deploy/README.md

Deploying catcrafts.net

Two artifacts come out of CI and land in two different places, on purpose.

	goes to	served by
wasm bundle + static assets	/srv/catcrafts.net	Caddy file_server
catcrafts-server + content/	/srv/catcrafts-app	itself, on 127.0.0.1:8081

They are kept apart because the web root is publicly served and mirrored with rsync --delete on every push. Anything runtime-owned that lives there is both published to the internet and destroyed on the next deploy — which matters now for the content files and matters a great deal once the shop has a database and bank credentials.

Runtime state goes in a third place, /var/lib/catcrafts, created by the service's StateDirectory=. Today that is orders.jsonl (the order event log) and bunq-state.json (the bunq session context, including the client RSA key the server generates on first contact).

Two things on this box cannot be regenerated. Everything else — the wasm bundle, the content, the binary — comes back from a rebuild.

The first is orders.jsonl. It is the ledger: every order and every status transition, append-only, and the audit trail the tax records lean on. Back it up:

install -d -m 0700 /var/backups/catcrafts
cp /var/lib/catcrafts/orders.jsonl \
   /var/backups/catcrafts/orders-$(date -u +%F).jsonl

It contains names, addresses and email addresses, so it is personal data: keep it 0600, keep it off the web root, and encrypt it before it leaves the machine. (bunq-state.json is deliberately NOT worth backing up: delete it and the server re-onboards from the API key on the next start.)

The second is /srv/catcrafts-app/media — the mirrored post images and screen recordings. Usually reproducible from content/posts.json, but not if a source instance has deleted the file since, and for these posts the media is the content. It lives on the app mount rather than the web root specifically so rsync --delete cannot reach it, and CI only ever adds to it. Worth including in the same backup.

Why the backend speaks plaintext HTTP/1.1

Caddy terminates TLS and reverse-proxies to loopback. The backend uses Crafter.Network's ListenerHTTP1 rather than its HTTP/3 ListenerHTTP for one concrete reason: Caddy cannot reverse_proxy to an h3 upstream. Port 8081 must never be exposed directly.

One-time host setup

# 1. service account, no login, no home
useradd --system --no-create-home --shell /usr/sbin/nologin catcrafts

# 2. directories
mkdir -p /srv/catcrafts.net /srv/catcrafts-app
chown catcrafts:catcrafts /srv/catcrafts-app
# The web root stays writable by whatever uid the runner container uses.

# 3. units
cp deploy/catcrafts-server.service /etc/systemd/system/
cp deploy/catcrafts-deploy.service /etc/systemd/system/
cp deploy/catcrafts-deploy.path    /etc/systemd/system/
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now catcrafts-deploy.path
# catcrafts-server is started by the first deploy; enable it so it survives a
# reboot:
systemctl enable catcrafts-server

# 4. Caddy — merge deploy/Caddyfile.example into your site config
caddy validate --config /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
systemctl reload caddy

Runner configuration

Both mounts are required. In the Forgejo runner's config.yaml:

container:
  options: "-v /srv/catcrafts.net:/deploy -v /srv/catcrafts-app:/deploy-app"

The deploy steps fail with an explanatory message if either is missing, rather than silently succeeding into the container's own filesystem.

How the restart happens

CI runs inside a container and has no access to the host's systemd. Rather than give the runner host root or a polkit rule — both of which grant far more authority than "restart one service" needs — the last deploy step writes /srv/catcrafts-app/.deploy-stamp, and catcrafts-deploy.path on the host reacts.

catcrafts-deploy.service runs catcrafts-server --selftest as ExecStartPre before restarting. That self-test exercises the HTML-escaping and JSON layers that generate every byte of markup the site emits, so a broken binary leaves the working server running instead of replacing it.

The binary is installed as catcrafts-server.new and mvd into place, so a request arriving mid-copy never hits a truncated executable.

If the backend is down

Caddy's handle_errors fallback serves the static index.html, so the site degrades to the client-rendered wasm app rather than showing a 502. Content still renders; what is lost is server-side rendering and real status codes — an unknown path becomes a soft 404 again until the backend returns.

Posts and their media

content/posts-sources.json holds the account and a community allowlist. Only listed communities are fetched, so joining a new one does not silently publish it to the site — add a line first.

tools/fetch-posts.sh     # writes content/posts.json
tools/fetch-media.sh     # mirrors the media, rewrites posts.json to /media/... paths

Order matters: the second reads what the first wrote. CI runs both before the build. Neither fails the build on a network error — a fediverse outage leaves the previous posts.json in place, and a single failed download leaves that one entry pointing at its original URL rather than losing the post.

fetch-media.sh wants ffprobe (Arch: ffmpeg) to read pixel dimensions, which become the width/height attributes that stop the page reflowing as several 5 MB recordings arrive. It degrades to no dimensions without it — so tools/e2e.sh asserts they are present, and a build host missing the package fails at the e2e gate instead of quietly shipping a janky page.

Only the post's main media is used. Lemmy distinguishes the media a post is (post.url, with post.thumbnail_url as its generated still) from images merely embedded in the body. Only the former is mirrored — a post whose pictures are body-only renders as text, which is correct. Videos get the thumbnail as their poster; without it a preload="metadata" video is a black box until someone presses play.

Thread links point at the community's instance, not the author's. A post's ap_id is on the account's own instance, but the discussion is in the community, which is federated elsewhere and has its own local id for the same thread. So fetch-posts.sh resolves each ap_id through the community instance's resolve_object and stores that URL. One request per post, at build time; a failure falls back to the ap_id, which still reaches a readable copy.

Media is mirrored, not hotlinked. Three reasons: the privacy notice says everything the browser loads comes from catcrafts.net and should stay true; hotlinking would send every visitor's IP to the source instance; and these posts are their media, so a deleted upstream file would gut the page. Filenames are the content hash, which is why the cache lifetime can be a year.

Payments: Mollie setup

The rail is Mollie (bunq.me was measured and disqualified: €500/transaction on cards and no method at all for a non-EU buyer at phone prices — it is a P2P tool; the bunq client remains in the tree, unused, in case an account sweep is ever wanted). The server needs exactly one secret: the Mollie API key.

# Keys live in the Mollie dashboard: Developers -> API keys. A test_… key
# works against the real API from the moment the account exists — verify the
# whole flow with it BEFORE swapping in the live_… key.
install -d -m 0755 /etc/catcrafts
cat > /etc/catcrafts/payments.env <<'ENV'
MOLLIE_API_KEY=test_your-key-here
ENV
chmod 0600 /etc/catcrafts/payments.env
systemctl restart catcrafts-server
journalctl -u catcrafts-server | tail   # should say "payments: mollie"

Without the env file the server starts with payments off: the whole site works, the product page renders, and checkout answers 503 with an honest message — degraded, not down.

Mechanics worth knowing:

• The reconciler polls each open order (GET /v2/payments/{id}) every 10 s while fresh, backing off with age. ?redirect back from Mollie is ignored by design — only the authenticated poll moves an order to paid, and the paid event records the method (ideal, creditcard, …) in the ledger.
• Mollie payments EXPIRE. A payment that reaches canceled/expired/failed lapses the order automatically — the buyer just orders again.
• Card money stays disputable for months even after "paid": before shipping a large or exported order, glance at the via column in --orders. iDEAL and bank transfers are final; creditcard is the one with a tail.
• Mollie onboarding reviews the shop: the imprint (KVK, contact address), terms and privacy pages must be real before they approve live payments. They are — and e2e now fails the build if a PLACEHOLDER marker ever reaches a rendered page again.

Shipping rates: Sendcloud (optional)

Without configuration, shipping is priced by the three-zone table in the compiled-in product data (NL / EU / world, Catcrafts.Shared-Content.cppm) — honest flat rates you set. With a Sendcloud account, the server fetches the real per-country prices of one shipping method daily and uses those instead, falling back to the zones for any country the method does not cover:

# credentials from Sendcloud: Settings -> Integrations -> API
cat >> /etc/catcrafts/bunq.env <<'ENV'
SENDCLOUD_PUBLIC_KEY=...
SENDCLOUD_SECRET_KEY=...
SENDCLOUD_METHOD='PostNL Parcels non-EU,DPD Home'
ENV
systemctl restart catcrafts-server
journalctl -u catcrafts-server | grep shipping:   # "table refreshed (N countries...)"

SENDCLOUD_METHOD is a comma-separated list of name substrings, merged in order with the FIRST match per country winning — put the postal method first so non-EU destinations get post rates (a courier method that also covers Norway or Switzerland would otherwise price them at courier rates, €54 instead of €19), and the courier second to fill the EU. The fetched table is cached next to the orders file so a restart during a Sendcloud outage keeps the last known prices. Like the bunq client, this integration is UNTESTED against the live API until credentials exist — the response parser is covered by --selftest, the fetch around it is thin.

The buyer sees whatever the server will charge: the checkout page embeds the active table into its live total, and the amount is computed server-side at order time from the same data.

Invoice signing (GPG)

Paid orders offer a clearsigned markdown invoice at /order/<token>/invoice.md. Numbering continues the pre-shop administration: one series per customer — a random UUID as the customer number, invoices counting sequentially within it (f57c6512-…-3), keyed by the buyer's email. Art. 226(2) permits "one or more series"; completeness is provable by reconciling the append-only ledger against the payment provider's records. The signature makes the invoice verifiable forever, independent of this server — which is why the order page tells buyers to download it rather than promising to host receipts indefinitely.

One-time key setup on the server, as the service user:

sudo -u catcrafts env GNUPGHOME=/var/lib/catcrafts/gnupg \
  gpg --batch --passphrase '' --quick-gen-key 'Catcrafts invoices <invoices@catcrafts.net>' default default never
# export the PUBLIC key and commit it to the repo so buyers can verify:
sudo -u catcrafts env GNUPGHOME=/var/lib/catcrafts/gnupg \
  gpg --armor --export invoices@catcrafts.net > invoice-key.asc

Then in /etc/catcrafts/payments.env:

INVOICE_GPG_KEY=invoices@catcrafts.net

and Environment=GNUPGHOME=/var/lib/catcrafts/gnupg in the service unit (see catcrafts-server.service). The key has no passphrase because the service signs unattended; the keyring lives in the 0700 StateDirectory. With a key configured, a signing failure is a 500 — an unsigned invoice is never served by accident. Without one (dev), invoices carry a visible UNSIGNED marker.

Reading the orders ledger

catcrafts-server --orders /var/lib/catcrafts/orders.jsonl

orders: 2

reference  status             total  cc  created               token
CC-3F9A2C  paid              595.00  NL  2026-08-04T14:02:11Z  3f9a2c…
CC-91B04D  awaiting_payment  534.34  CA  2026-08-04T15:40:03Z  91b04d…

Manual transitions exist for the cases automation cannot see — a payment bunq confirmed out-of-band, the parcel handed to the carrier, a refund:

catcrafts-server --orders /var/lib/catcrafts/orders.jsonl --mark-paid    <token>
catcrafts-server --orders /var/lib/catcrafts/orders.jsonl --mark-shipped <token>
catcrafts-server --orders /var/lib/catcrafts/orders.jsonl --cancel       <token>

Each appends a status event to the log — nothing is ever rewritten, so the file remains its own audit trail. Deleting personal data on request is an edit of the fields the seven-year fiscal retention does not cover.

Verifying a deploy

systemctl status catcrafts-server
curl -s localhost:8081/api/healthz            # ok + content counts

# real status codes, which a client-side router cannot produce
curl -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}\n' https://catcrafts.net/nope        # 404
curl -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}\n' https://catcrafts.net/blog        # 301

# the SEO check: content present with no JavaScript involved
curl -s https://catcrafts.net/projects | grep -c '<script'              # 0
curl -s https://catcrafts.net/projects | grep -o '<title>[^<]*'

Running it locally

tools/dev.sh              # build both products and serve on :8080
tools/dev.sh --no-build   # reuse what is already in bin/

That is the whole site: Caddy in front, the backend behind, static assets from disk, cross-origin headers scoped exactly as in production. Ctrl-C stops both. Orders from the session go to a temp file and are discarded on exit; the fake payment rail is active — touch <workdir>/orders.jsonl.fake-paid plays the part of the customer paying.

Do not run catcrafts-server --serve alone and expect a working site. It serves pages only — static assets are Caddy's job — so /styles.css 404s and every page renders unstyled. That looks broken but isn't; it is the deployment split working as designed.

Other useful commands

tools/fetch-posts.sh            # pull posts from the allowed communities
tools/fetch-media.sh [dir]      # mirror their media locally (run after the above)
tools/fetch-rates.sh            # ECB reference rates for the indicative prices
tools/e2e.sh                    # 143 HTTP checks against a real server; the CI gate
crafter-build --local -r        # the wasm app alone, no backend, on :8080

<server>/catcrafts-server --selftest            # ~140 in-process assertions
<server>/catcrafts-server --routes              # status + title for every route
<server>/catcrafts-server --render /projects    # dump one page's HTML
<server>/catcrafts-server --orders FILE         # the orders ledger + manual transitions

If a bin/ glob matches two directories

The variant directory name embeds a config hash, and --local and non---local builds hash differently: --local resolves the Crafter libraries from sibling working trees, a plain build fetches them from Forgejo. They are genuinely different configurations and both land in bin/.

Mixing them leaves two directories, and any script globbing for one picks arbitrarily — which in practice means testing a stale binary and believing the result. Every script here refuses to guess and tells you to rm -rf bin. Pick one mode and stay in it.